From: Maternal feeding practices and fussy eating in toddlerhood: a discordant twin analysis
Child characteristics | Gemini sample at baseline (n = 4804 children) | Study sample (n = 2026 children) |
---|---|---|
Mean (SD) or n (%) | Mean (SD) or n (%) | |
Gender (female) | 2386 (49.7) | 1058 (52.2) |
Birth weight (kg) | 2.5 (.54) | 2.4 (.55)* |
Birth weight SDS | −.56 (.95) | −.57 (.94) |
Weight at 16 months (kg) | – | 10.3 (1.25) |
Weight SDS at 16 months | – | −.08 (1.08) |
Gestational age (weeks) | 36.2 (2.48) | 36.1 (2.60) |
Age questionnaire completion | – | 15.8 (.90) |
Early feeding method Mostly breastfed Mostly bottle-fed | 2017 (42.0) 2755 (57.3) | 946 (46.7)* 1080 (53.7) |
Maternal characteristics | ||
Age at twins’ birth (years) | 33.0 (5.19) | 33.6 (5.00)* |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.1 (4.70) | 24.9 (4.49)* |
Highest Level of Education Attained Low (No qualification/basic high-school) Intermediate (Vocational/Adv. high-school) High (University) | 518 (21.6) 878 (36.6) 1006 (41.9) | 171 (16.9) 351 (34.6) 491 (48.5)* |
Ethnicity White British Non-White British/Unknown | 2089 (87.0) 313 (13.0) | 896 (88.5) 117 (11.5) |
Feeding practices and Food Fussiness, mean (SD) | ||
Food Fussinessa | – | 2.18 (.71) |
Instrumental Feedingb | – | 1.33 (.46) |
Pressure to Eatc | – | 2.22 (.74) |
Restrictiond | – | 5.21 (1.26) |