Table 1 Structure and control based feeding practice listed by feeding items^a with their factor loadings. (N = 334)

8^c

Keep a lot of snack foods (potato chips, cheese puffs, tortilla chips) in my house

CFPQ

(Environment)

57.4

.55

.02

-.01

-.14

28^c

Keep a lot of sweets/desserts (candy, ice cream, cake, pies, pastries) in my home

CFPQ

(Environment)

71.6

.62

.08

-.04

-.19

4^c

Serve child sweets or desserts (ex. Cookie, cake, candy, freeze pops, ice cream)

IFSQ^e

(Permissive)

40.8

.59

.07

.07

.01

6 ^c

Serve child sugar sweetened drinks (ex. fruit drink, soda, iced tea, or sports/energy drinks)

IFSQ^e

(Permissive)

65.5

.58

.26

.03

.00

14 ^c

Serve child French fries.

Author developed

31.3

.45

.18

.16

-.02

40 ^c

Let child have sugar sweetened drinks (ex. Fruit drink, soda, iced tea, or sports/energy drinks) anytime during day

Hurley^e

(Indulgent)

77 .9

.58

.33

.11

-.09

2 ^c

Let child eat sweets (ex. Cookie, cake, candy, freeze pops, ice cream) anytime during the day

Author developed

63.1

.53

.28

.14

-.11

1

Avoid buying sweets/desserts I don’t want child to eat

Author developed

59.2

.45

.40

.34

-.05

43

Try not to eat unhealthy foods when child is around

CFPQ^e (Modeling; revised from eating healthy to avoiding unhealthy foods)

55.6

.42

.28

.37

.10

3

Avoid eating snacks/sweets in front of child that you don’t want him to eat

CPFP^e

(energy dense food encountering practice)

65.0

.46

.35

.36

-.17

41

I do not allow other people to give sweets and snacks to my toddler without asking me

TFQ^e

63.4

.43

.26

.20

.18

21^c

Let child eat snack foods anytime during the day^d

IFSQ^e

(Laissez-faire)

70.8

.36

.36

.21

-.07

30

Serve child green/yellow/orange vegetable each day

Author developed

74.2

.24

.43

.08

.13

37

Child eats breakfast at same time and place

Author developed

87.0

.15

.64

.14

-.03

36

Serve small child size helpings at meals

CFPQ^e

(restriction for weight control; removed “due to weight”

80.2

.21

.47

.22

-.01

39

Child eats dinner at same time each night (within about 15 min)

Author developed

73.8

.22

.59

.10

-.02

26

Keep a lot of fresh fruits/vegetables in my home

CPFP^e

(removed; didn’t load on original scale)

89.3

.20

.44

.12

.14

7

Serve small child size helpings at snacks

CFPQ^e

(restriction for weight control; changed meal to snack and removed “due to weight”

79.2

.05

.44

.08

-.11

19

Have child sit in a chair when eating meals

CPFP^e

(Mealtime behavior)

88.5

.09

.43

.07

-.19

5

Have clear rules about when child can eat snacks/sweets

TFQ^e

69.5

.34

.45

.38

.09

35

Child eats at scheduled meal and snack times, not in-between

CFPQ (Restriction for weight control, deleted “because I don’t want him/her to get fat)

41.8

.21

.44

.29

.15

34

I have very firm rules about what types of foods I allow my toddler to have (with no exceptions)

TFQ

46.5

.23

.41

.38

.25

9

I hide foods that I don’t want my child to eat

CFQ^e

(restriction)

40.1

.12

.16

.75

.09

10

If my child is eating too much, I take some of it away

CFQ^e

26.0

-.09

.12

.45

.18

18

When my child is drinking too much of a sugar-sweetened beverage, I take the cup/bottle away or pour some out

Author developed

46.7

.04

.17

.52

.17

42

In my home, I hide snack foods from my child that I don’t want my child to eat

CFQ/TFQ^e

(restriction/ access)

28.0

.17

.17

.71

.20

13

I get upset when my child eats too many snacks or salty foods without asking

Author developed

35.5

.08

.07

.54

.18

11

Avoid taking child to places where my child may ask for sweets, snacks, junk

TFQ

14.8

.15

.10

.62

.18

38

I have to trick, distract, play with, or praise my child to get him/her to finish his/her bottle/food.

Hurley (Forceful)

7.6

-.13

-.21

.21

.52

23

If I did not control my child’s eating, he/she would eat much less than he/she should

CFQ^e

17.5

-.09

-.10

.19

.55

27

I try to get my child to finish his/her food.

Hurley (forceful)

51.7

.03

.15

.11

.65

24

If my child seems full, I encourage him/her to finish his/her food anyway.

IFSQ^e (responsive)

8.4

-.03

-.08

.14

.54

33

I try to get my child to eat even if s/he doesn’t seem hungry or says “I’m not hungry”

CFQ^e

14.7

-.14

-.06

.11

.53

25

I praise my child after each bite to encourage him/her to finish his/her food.

IFSQ^e (pressure)

41.3

-.05

.14

.21

.53

22

Child drinks milk at dinner every night

Author developed

45.6

16

Let child eat directly out of regular-sized snack bags (ex. Bags of chips/pretzels, box of cookies, candy, etc.)

Author developed

83.9

31

Have all of child’s favorite foods at home

Author developed

7.5

20

At mealtimes, I give child same amount of foods as I serve myself

Author developed

89.7

17

Give child same amount of snacks as I serve myself

Author developed

89.7

29

I like to have complete control over what types of sweets and snacks my toddler is able to eat (is given)

TFQ

78.0

46

I offer food to get my child to do what I want him/her to do

Author developed

0.0

44

I offer my child his/her favorite foods as a reward for good behavior

CFQ/CFPQ (restriction/ food as reward)

6.6

45

I withhold sweets/desserts from my child in response to bad behavior

CFQ/CFPQ

(restriction/ food as reward)

11.5

47

I offer my child a “treat” or “dessert” for eating everything on his/her plate

Author developed

13.8

50

I offer my child a “treat” or “dessert” to get my child to eat his/her vegetables

Author developed

5.1

48^c

If I’ve told child “No, you can’t have it,” likely to give it to him anyway

TFQ^e

82.9

49^c

Likely to give child whatever he wants to eat.

Hurley^e (Indulgent)

52.2

12^c

Let child watch TV while eating

IFSQ^e/CPFQ^e

(Indulgent/ mealtime behavior)

55.4

32

If child doesn’t like what we are eating, I fix something else for child to eat

IFQ^e

41.5

15

Child eats with me/another caregiver at table each night

Author Developed

90.0