From: Relationship between dietary pattern and depressive symptoms: an international multicohort study
Characteristics | All | Depressive symptoms status | P value b | |
---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | |||
The TCLSIH | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No. of participants | 7,094 | 6,105 | 989 | - |
Age (years) | 38.1 (37.9, 38.3) c | 38.0 (37.8, 38.3) | 38.4 (37.8, 39.0) | 0.21 |
Sex (male, %) | 56.8 | 57.0 | 56.0 | 0.58 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.1 (24.0, 24.2) | 24.2 (24.1, 24.2) | 24.0 (23.8, 24.2) | 0.18 |
TC (mmol/L) | 4.60 (4.60, 4.70) | 4.60 (4.60, 4.70) | 4.60 (4.60, 4.70) | 0.41 |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.13 (1.12, 1.15) | 1.13 (1.12, 1.15) | 1.14 (1.10, 1.18) | 0.87 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.64 (2.62, 2.66) | 2.64 (2.62, 2.66) | 2.64 (2.59, 2.69) | 0.96 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.33 (1.32, 1.34) | 1.33 (1.32, 1.34) | 1.31 (1.29, 1.34) | 0.19 |
FBG (mmol/L) | 5.06 (5.04, 5.07) | 5.06 (5.04, 5.08) | 5.04 (5.00, 5.08) | 0.43 |
SBP (mmHg) | 119.5 (119.2, 119.9) | 119.5 (119.2, 119.9) | 119.3 (118.3, 120.2) | 0.60 |
DBP (mmHg) | 75.6 (75.4, 75.9) | 75.7 (75.4, 76.0) | 75.4 (74.7, 76.1) | 0.38 |
PA (MET × hour/week) | 10.8 (10.5, 11.1) | 11.0 (10.7, 11.4) | 9.80 (9.00, 10.6) |  < 0.01 |
Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 2283.9 (2263.6, 2304.3) | 2284.6 (2262.9, 2306.4) | 2279.8 (2223.6, 2337.5) | 0.88 |
"Vegetable rich" dietary pattern score | 0.00 (-0.02, 0.02) | 0.01 (-0.01, 0.04) | -0.08 (-0.14, -0.02) |  < 0.01 |
"Sugar rich" dietary pattern score | 0.00 (-0.02, 0.02) | -0.01 (-0.03, 0.02) | 0.04 (-0.03, 0.11) | 0.20 |
"Animal foods" dietary pattern score | 0.00 (-0.02, 0.02) | -0.02 (-0.05, 0.00) | 0.14 (0.07, 0.21) |  < 0.0001 |
Smoking status (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.01 |
 Current smoker | 17.9 | 17.3 | 21.3 |  |
 Ex-smoker | 5.21 | 5.29 | 4.70 |  |
 Non-smoker | 76.9 | 77.4 | 74.0 |  |
Drinking status (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.52 |
 Everyday | 3.10 | 2.98 | 3.80 |  |
 Sometime | 61.3 | 61.2 | 61.6 |  |
 Ex-drinker | 8.98 | 9.06 | 8.52 |  |
 Non-drinker | 26.7 | 26.7 | 26.1 |  |
Married (%) | 85.2 | 85.2 | 85.1 | 0.93 |
Living alone (%) | 7.45 | 7.28 | 8.47 | 0.19 |
Education level (college or higher, %) | 80.9 | 82.1 | 73.7 |  < 0.0001 |
Occupation (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.48 |
 Managers | 51.8 | 52.0 | 50.3 |  |
 Professionals | 18.5 | 18.5 | 18.3 |  |
 Other | 29.8 | 29.5 | 31.4 |  |
Visiting friends (%) | 55.6 | 56.4 | 50.7 |  < 0.001 |
Household income (≥ 10,000 Yuan, %) | 46.8 | 48.4 | 36.8 |  < 0.0001 |
Individual history of disease (%) | ||||
 Hypertension | 21.2 | 21.2 | 21.2 | 0.99 |
 Hyperlipidemia | 43.8 | 43.5 | 41.0 | 0.13 |
 Diabetes | 4.75 | 4.83 | 4.25 | 0.42 |
Family history of disease (%) | ||||
 CVD | 33.7 | 33.6 | 34.4 | 0.62 |
 Hypertension | 55.8 | 55.5 | 57.4 | 0.28 |
 Hyperlipidemia | 0.49 | 0.47 | 0.61 | 0.47 |
 Diabetes | 29.7 | 29.5 | 31.4 | 0.23 |
The UK Biobank | ||||
 No. of participants | 96,810 | 95,507 | 1,303 | - |
 Age (years) | 54.8 (54.8, 54.9) | 54.8 (54.8, 54.9) | 54.4 (54.0, 54.8) | 0.03 |
 Sex (male, %) | 44.1 | 44.2 | 31.9 |  < 0.0001 |
 BMI (kg/m2) | 26.3 (26.2, 26.3) | 26.2 (26.2, 26.3) | 27.9 (27.6, 28.2) |  < 0.0001 |
 SBP (mmHg) | 132.9 (132.8, 133.0) | 132.9 (132.8, 133.1) | 131.1 (130.0, 132.3) |  < 0.01 |
 DBP (mmHg) | 79.8 (79.7, 79.9) | 79.8 (79.7, 79.9) | 79.7 (79.0, 80.3) | 0.65 |
 Townson depretive index | -1.62 (-1.64, -1.60) | -1.63 (-1.64, -1.61) | -1.11 (-1.28, -0.94) |  < 0.0001 |
 PA (MET × hour/week) | 26.0 (25.8, 26.2) | 26.1 (25.9, 26.2) | 22.0 (20.5, 23.6) |  < 0.0001 |
 Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 2039.2 (2035.8, 2042.5) | 2039.6 (2036.2, 2042.9) | 2009.8 (1979.9, 2040.1) | 0.06 |
 "Healthy" dietary pattern score | 0.00 (-0.01, 0.01) | 0.00 (-0.01, 0.01) | 0.05 (-0.01, 0.11) | 0.13 |
 "Processed food" dietary pattern score | 0.00 (-0.01, 0.01) | 0.00 (-0.01, 0.00) | 0.10 (0.04, 0.16) |  < 0.001 |
 "Meet" dietary pattern score | 0.00 (-0.01, 0.01) | 0.00 (-0.01, 0.01) | -0.04 (-0.10, 0.02) | 0.17 |
Smoking status (%) |  |  |  |  < 0.0001 |
 Current smoker | 6.87 | 6.79 | 12.2 |  |
 Ex-smoker | 34.6 | 34.5 | 37.2 |  |
 Non-smoker | 58.6 | 58.7 | 50.6 |  |
Drinking status (%) |  |  |  |  < 0.0001 |
 Current drinker | 94.5 | 94.6 | 89.3 |  |
 Ex-drinker | 2.70 | 2.64 | 6.68 |  |
 Non-drinker | 2.79 | 2.77 | 3.99 |  |
Living alone (%) | 17.6 | 17.5 | 23.9 |  < 0.0001 |
Education level (college or higher, %) | 47.6 | 47.7 | 40.2 |  < 0.0001 |
Visiting friends (≥ once a week, %) | 74.9 | 74.9 | 76.1 | 0.34 |
Individual history of disease (%) | ||||
 Hypertension | 21.1 | 21.0 | 28.1 |  < 0.0001 |
 Diabetes | 2.84 | 2.80 | 5.53 |  < 0.0001 |
Family history of disease (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 CVD | 54.0 | 53.9 | 58.9 |  < 0.001 |
 Hypertension | 44.2 | 44.2 | 46.2 | 0.14 |
 Diabetes | 16.9 | 16.9 | 18.7 | 0.07 |