Table 2 Characteristics of older Japanese adults who lived alone from the JAGES cohort study according to the cooking skill before and after propensity-score matching
From: Cooking skills, living alone, and mortality: JAGES cohort study
| Â | Â | Before Matching | Â | After Matching | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Â | Cooking skill | %Bias | p-valuea | Â | Cooking skill | %Bias | p-valuea | ||
| Â | Â | High | Low | Â | High | Low | ||||
|  |  | n = 1,311 | n = 187 |  | n = 171 | n = 171 | ||||
| Â | Â | % | % | Â | % | % | ||||
Sex | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
|  | Men | 25.5 | 69.5 | reference | < 0.001 |  | 72.5 | 66.7 | reference | 0.24 |
| Â | Women | 74.5 | 30.5 | 98.1 | Â | Â | 27.5 | 33.3 | -13.0 | Â |
Age (years) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
|  | 65–69 | 23.5 | 25.7 | reference | 0.34 |  | 29.8 | 28.1 | reference | 0.84 |
|  | 70–74 | 23.6 | 23.5 | 0.1 |  |  | 21.6 | 24.6 | -6.9 |  |
|  | 75–79 | 25.4 | 19.8 | 13.4 |  |  | 22.8 | 19.9 | 7.0 |  |
|  | ≥ 80 | 26.5 | 31.0 | -9.9 |  |  | 25.7 | 27.5 | -3.9 |  |
Education (years) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
|  | Low (≤ 9) | 40.3 | 33.2 | reference | 0.06 |  | 34.5 | 34.5 | reference | 0.92 |
|  | Middle (10–12) | 36.5 | 43.9 | -15.1 |  |  | 43.3 | 41.5 | 3.6 |  |
|  | High (≥ 13) | 21.7 | 23.0 | -3.0 |  |  | 22.2 | 24.0 | -4.2 |  |
| Â | Other/Missing | 1.5 | 0.0 | 17.6 | Â | Â | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | Â |
Annual income (million yen) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
|  | Low (< 2.00) | 44.3 | 35.8 | reference | 0.10 |  | 33.9 | 37.4 | reference | 0.32 |
|  | Middle (2.00–3.99) | 21.7 | 27.8 | -14.1 |  |  | 33.3 | 26.9 | 14.9 |  |
|  | High (≥ 4.00) | 4.6 | 3.7 | 4.2 |  |  | 1.2 | 3.5 | -11.7 |  |
| Â | Missing | 29.4 | 32.6 | -7.0 | Â | Â | 31.6 | 32.2 | -1.3 | Â |
Employment status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
| Â | Working | 21.1 | 22.5 | reference | 0.33 | Â | 23.4 | 24.0 | reference | 0.99 |
| Â | Retired | 50.4 | 54.5 | -8.3 | Â | Â | 56.1 | 54.4 | 3.5 | Â |
| Â | Never worked | 8.2 | 4.8 | 13.6 | Â | Â | 4.1 | 4.7 | -2.4 | Â |
| Â | Missing | 20.4 | 18.2 | 5.5 | Â | Â | 16.4 | 17.0 | -1.5 | Â |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
|  | Married | 3.4 | 6.4 | reference | < 0.001 |  | 7.0 | 6.4 | reference | 0.99 |
| Â | Bereaved | 63.8 | 46.5 | 35.3 | Â | Â | 46.8 | 46.2 | 1.2 | Â |
| Â | Divorced | 15.8 | 23.0 | -18.3 | Â | Â | 20.5 | 22.2 | -4.4 | Â |
| Â | Not married | 13.3 | 18.2 | -13.5 | Â | Â | 20.5 | 19.3 | 3.2 | Â |
| Â | Other/missing | 3.7 | 5.9 | -10.0 | Â | Â | 5.3 | 5.8 | -2.7 | Â |
Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
|  | Fully capable | 38.8 | 17.6 | reference | < 0.001 |  | 21.1 | 19.3 | reference | 0.92 |
| Â | Less capable | 51.4 | 69.5 | -37.6 | Â | Â | 67.3 | 69.0 | -3.6 | Â |
| Â | Missing | 9.8 | 12.8 | -9.7 | Â | Â | 11.7 | 11.7 | 0 | Â |
Depressive symptoms | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
|  | Non-depressed (GDS < 5) | 58.1 | 41.2 | reference | < 0.001 |  | 42.7 | 43.9 | reference | 0.87 |
|  | Depressed (5 ≤ GDS) | 23.0 | 38.5 | -33.9 |  |  | 35.1 | 36.3 | -2.6 |  |
| Â | Missing | 18.8 | 20.3 | -3.7 | Â | Â | 22.2 | 19.9 | 5.9 | Â |
Food store availability | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
| Â | Highest | 25.9 | 17.6 | reference | 0.06 | Â | 17.5 | 18.7 | reference | 0.61 |
| Â | Middle-high | 51.7 | 62.6 | -22.0 | Â | Â | 56.1 | 60.8 | -9.5 | Â |
| Â | Middle-low | 13.0 | 12.3 | 2.2 | Â | Â | 15.2 | 13.5 | 5.3 | Â |
| Â | Lowest | 7.1 | 5.3 | 7.2 | Â | Â | 8.8 | 4.7 | 16.9 | Â |
| Â | Missing | 2.3 | 2.1 | 1.0 | Â | Â | 2.3 | 2.3 | 0 | Â |