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Table 3 Characteristics of older Japanese adults who lived with others from the JAGES cohort study according to the cooking skill before and after propensity-score matching

From: Cooking skills, living alone, and mortality: JAGES cohort study

  

Before Matching

 

After Matching

  

Cooking skill

%Bias

p-valuea

 

Cooking skill

%Bias

p-valuea

  

High

Low

 

High

Low

  

n = 6,682

n = 2,467

 

n = 2,161

n = 2,161

  

%

%

 

%

%

Sex

         
 

Men

32.9

88.3

reference

< 0.001

 

86.9

86.8

reference

0.96

 

Women

67.1

11.7

137.8

  

13.1

13.2

-0.1

 

Age (years)

         
 

65–69

32.9

27.4

reference

< 0.001

 

28.7

29.1

reference

0.21

 

70–74

28.2

27.2

2

  

28.0

28.4

-0.7

 
 

75–79

22.5

21.3

2.9

  

20.2

21.9

-4.1

 
 

≥ 80

16.5

24.1

-19

  

23.0

20.6

6.1

 

Education (years)

         
 

Low (≤ 9)

33.1

32.5

reference

0.001

 

30.7

31.5

reference

0.65

 

Middle (10–12)

41.9

38.8

6.4

  

39.9

39.7

0.4

 
 

High (≥ 13)

23.6

27.5

-9

  

27.9

27.7

0.4

 
 

Other/Missing

1.5

1.2

2.2

  

1.5

1.1

3.6

 

Annual income (million yen)

         
 

Low (< 2.00)

37.8

40.9

reference

0.001

 

39.5

41.1

reference

0.12

 

Middle (2.00–3.99)

32.8

33.4

-1.2

  

32.2

33.7

-3.2

 
 

High (≥ 4.00)

9.1

9.1

-0.1

  

10.6

9.2

5.1

 
 

Missing

20.2

16.5

9.6

  

17.7

16.0

4.4

 

Employment status

         
 

Working

24.8

28.8

reference

< 0.001

 

32.1

30.0

reference

0.06

 

Retired

52.2

56.5

-8.6

  

52.1

56.0

-7.9

 
 

Never worked

7.7

3.5

18.3

  

4.3

3.5

3.4

 
 

Missing

15.3

11.2

12

  

11.5

10.5

3.1

 

Marital status

         
 

Married

81.2

89.9

reference

< 0.001

 

86.1

89.6

reference

0.01

 

Bereaved

14.4

7.3

23.1

  

10.1

7.5

8.5

 
 

Divorced

1.8

0.6

10.7

  

1.0

0.7

2.5

 
 

Not married

0.7

0.7

-0.3

  

0.8

0.7

1.6

 
 

Other/missing

1.8

1.5

2.5

  

2.0

1.5

3.6

 

Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL)

         
 

Fully capable

42.4

25.4

reference

< 0.001

 

27.6

28.4

reference

0.05

 

Less capable

49.1

67.1

-37.1

  

62.6

63.9

-2.8

 
 

Missing

8.5

7.5

3.5

  

9.8

7.7

7.7

 

Depressive symptoms

         
 

Non-depressed (GDS < 5)

69.1

65.8

reference

< 0.001

 

67.0

69.6

reference

0.18

 

Depressed (5 ≤ GDS)

14.7

21.0

-16.4

  

19.1

17.5

4.2

 
 

Missing

16.2

13.2

8.5

  

13.9

12.9

2.9

 

Food store availability

         
 

Highest

30.1

24.9

reference

< 0.001

 

26.1

26.7

reference

0.85

 

Middle-high

47.8

50.8

-6.00

  

49.8

50.3

-1.1

 
 

Middle-low

14.2

14.6

-1.3

  

14.6

14.3

1.1

 
 

Lowest

6.2

7.6

-5.5

  

7.5

7.0

1.6

 
 

Missing

1.7

2.0

-2.7

  

2.0

1.6

2.8

 
  1. a Chi-squared test was done for examining statistical significance
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International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

ISSN: 1479-5868

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