Table 1 Characteristics of the studies included
Study information | Population | Exposure | Comparison | Outcome | Risk of bias | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First author, year | Study type,name of the study | Sample size (% female) | Age of study population | Time point during COVID-19 pandemic | Policy indices [11] | Time point of pre-pandemic baseline, link between measurement time points | Type of outcome, symptom reporter | Detailed description of diagnostic instrument | |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |||||||||
Geets Kesic, 2021 [24] | Cohort study | PP & DP: 859 (43) | Age range: 14 to 18y | 4/2020 | Oxford Stringency Index: 95.4 (89.8 to 96.3) School Closure Index: 3.0 (3.0 to 3.0) Days OSI > 60 before measurement: 12 Days of removed restrictions: 0 | 1/2020, same population | Total physical activity, self-reported | Name: PAQ for Adolescents (PAQ-A) Estimated time-frame: 7-day recall Cut-off points: NI | High |
Croatia | |||||||||
Sekulic, 2020 [9] | Cohort study | PP & DP: 388 (32.4) | Age range: 15 to 18y, Mean ± SD, 16.4 ± 1.9y | 4/2020 | Oxford Stringency Index: 91.8 (90.7 to 92.6) School Closure Index: 3.0 (3.0 to 3.0) Days OSI > 60 before measurement: 16 Days of removed restrictions: 0 | 9-10/2019, same population | Total physical activity, self-reported | Name: PAQ for Adolescents (PAQ-A) Estimated time-frame: 7-day recall Cut-off points: NI | Some concerns |
Zenic, 2020 [10] | Cohort study | PP & DP: 823 (NI) | Age range: 11 to 17y Mean ± SD, 16.5 ± 2.1y | 4/2020 | Oxford Stringency Index: 95.4 (89.8 to 96.3) School Closure Index: 3.0 (3.0 to 3.0) Days OSI > 60 before measurement: 12 Days of removed restrictions: 0 | 10/2019 to 3/2020, same population | Total physical activity, self-reported | Name: PAQ for Adolescents (PAQ-A) Estimated time-frame: 7-day recall Cut-off points: NI | High |
Czech Republic | |||||||||
Štverá-ková, 2021 [29] | Cross-sectional study | PP: 206 (49) DP: 98 (57) | Age range: 8 to 12y Mean ± SD, 10.1 ± 1.5y | 11/2020 – 1/2021 | Oxford Stringency Index: 71.1 (62.0 to 81.5) School Closure Index: 2.6 (2.0 to 3.0) Days OSI > 60 before measurement: 10 Days of removed restrictions: 0 | 12/2019–1/2020, same population | Total physical activity, self-reported | Name: PAQ for Children (PAQ-C) Estimated time-frame: 7-day recall Cut-off points: NI | Some concerns |
Germany | |||||||||
Kurz, 2022 [30] | Cross-sectional study, Ulm SPATZ Health Study | PP: 296 (53) DP: 63 (51) | Age range: 6 to 7y | 3-7/2020 | Oxford Stringency Index: 64.8 (32.9 to 76.9) School Closure Index: 2.3 (2.0 to 3.0) Days OSI > 60 before measurement: 0 Days of removed restrictions: 0 | 9/2018–3/2020 | Total physical activity, parent-reported | Name: Bayer-Questionnaire Estimated time-frame: NI Cut-off points: NI | High |
Schmidt, 2020 [31] | Cohort study, German Motorik-Modul (MoMo) | PP & DP: 1,711 (49.8) | Age range: 4 to 17y PP: Mean ± SD, 10.4 ± 4.0y DP: Mean ± SD, 11.3 ± 4.1y | 4-5/2020 | Oxford Stringency Index: 76.9 (76.9 to 76.9) School Closure Index: 3.0 (3.0 to 3.0) Days OSI > 60 before measurement: 30 Days of removed restrictions: 0 | 8/2018–3/2020, same population | Moderate-to-vigorous physical and sporting activity, self-reported > 11y, parental support ≤ 11 | Name: MoMo-PAQ Estimated time-frame: 7-day recall Cut-off points: NI | Some concerns |
Schmidt, 2021 [32] | Cohort study, German Motorik-Modul (MoMo) | PP: 1,711 (49.8) DP: 1,483 (NI) | Age range: 4 to 17y | 1-2/2021 | Oxford Stringency Index: 83.3 (83.3 to 83.3) School Closure Index: 3.0 (3.0 to 3.0) Days OSI > 60 before measurement: 99 Days of removed restrictions: 0 | 8/2018–3/2020, same population | Moderate-to-vigorous physical and sporting activity, self-reported > 11y, parental support ≤ 11 | Name: MoMo-PAQ Estimated time-frame: 7-day recall Cut-off points: NI | Some concerns |
Ireland | |||||||||
O’Kane, 2021 [33] | Retrospective study | PP: 281 (100) DP: 94 (100) | Age range: 12 to 14y PP&DP: Mean ± SD, 12.8 ± 0.8y | 5–6/2020 | Oxford Stringency Index: 77.7 (38.9 to 90.7) School Closure Index: 2.9 (2.0 to 3.0) Days OSI > 60 before measurement: 36 Days of removed restrictions: 0 | Retrospective study | Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, self-reported | Name: PACE+ Estimated time-frame: NI Cut-off points: NI | Some concerns |
Italy | |||||||||
Mastorci, 2021 [34] | Cohort study | PP & DP: 1,289 (51.7) | Age range: 10 to 14y Mean ± SD, 12.53 ± 1.25y | 4/2020 | Oxford Stringency Index: 93.5 (93.5 to 93.5) School Closure Index: 3.0 (3.0 to 3.0) Days OSI > 60 before measurement: 52 Days of removed restrictions: 0 | 9-10/2019 | Total physical activity, self-reported | Name: PAQ for Children (PAQ-C) Estimated time-frame: 7-day recall Cut-off points: NI | Some concerns |
Dallolio, 2022 [35] | Cohort study | PP: 77 (37.7) DP: 77 (37.7) | PP: Mean ± SD, 7.84 ± 1.41y DP: Mean ± SD, 9.19 ± 3.00y | 1/2021 | Oxford Stringency Index: 76.6 (74.1 to 82.4) School Closure Index: 2.0 (2.0 to 2.0) Days OSI > 60 before measurement: 313 Days of removed restrictions: 0 | 10/2019 | Total physical activity, self-reported | Name: PAQ for Children (PAQ-C) Estimated time-frame: 7-day recall Cut-off points: NI | Some concerns |
Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, accelerometer | Name: ActiGraph wGT3X-BT Estimated time-frame: 5 weekdays and 2 weekend days Cut-off points: According to Evenson et al. [36] (light, moderate, vigorous) | ||||||||
Netherlands | |||||||||
ten Velde, 2021 [37] | Cohort study | PP & DP: 64 (66.7) | Age range: 7 to 12y PP&DP: Mean ± SD, 10.1 ± 0.7y | 6/2020 | Oxford Stringency Index: 61.0 (59.3 to 63.0) School Closure Index: 1.5 (1.0 to 3.0) Days OSI > 60 before measurement: 46 Days of removed restrictions: 0 | 5-6/2019 | Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, accelerometer | Name: ActiGraph GT3X Estimated time-frame: NI Cut-off points: NI | Some concerns |
Poland | |||||||||
Kołota, 2021 [38] | Retrospective study | PP & DP: 1,334 (53.3) | Age range: 10 to 16y | 6/2020 | Oxford Stringency Index: 52.6 (50.9 to 64.8) School Closure Index: 2.0 (2.0 to 2.0) Days OSI > 60 before measurement: 62 Days of removed restrictions: 0 | Retrospective study | Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, self-reported | Name: Question regarding number of days with > 60 min of MVPA, including “increases your heart rate and makes you get out of breath some of the time” Estimated time-frame: week Cut-off points: MVPA ≥ 3 | High |
Łuszczki, 2021 [39] | Cross-sectional study | PP: 376 (50.3) DP: 640 (51.3) | Age range: 6 to 15y PP: Mean ± SD, 10.51 ± 2.13y DP: Mean ± SD, 10.79 ± 2.02y | 2–3/2021 | Oxford Stringency Index: 71.5 (71.3 to 73.2) School Closure Index: 2.1 (2.0 to 3.0) Days OSI > 60 before measurement: 100 Days of removed restrictions: 0 | 2-3/2020 | Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, self- and parent-reported | Name: Question regarding number of days with > 60 min of MVPA, including “increased your breathing rate” Estimated time-frame: last week Cut-off points: NI | High |
Portugal | |||||||||
Mercê, 2022 [40] | Retrospective study | PP & DP: 61 (NI) | Age range: 5 to 17y Mean ± SD, 12 ± 3.1y | 5-6/2020 | Oxford Stringency Index: 65.0 (59.3 to 88.0) School Closure Index: 2.3 (2.0 to 3.0) Days OSI > 60 before measurement: 44 Days of removed restrictions: 0 | Retrospective study | Total physical activity, self-reported | Name: Pictorial Children’s Physical Activity Questionnaire Estimated time-frame: weekday and weekend Cut-off points: NI | Very high |
Slovenia | |||||||||
Blazević, 2021 [41] | Cohort study | PP & DP: 209 (57) | Age range: 15 to 17y Mean ± SD, 16.4 ± 1.9y | 4/2020 | Oxford Stringency Index: 96.3 (96.3 to 96.3) School Closure Index: 3.0 (3.0 to 3.0) Days OSI > 60 before measurement: 16 Days of removed restrictions: 0 | 9-10/2019 | Total physical activity, self-reported | Name: PAQ for Adolescents (PAQ-A) Estimated time-frame: 7-day recall Cut-off points: NI | Some concerns |
Morrison, 2021 [42] | Cross-sectional study | PP & DP: 62 (50) | PP: Mean ± SD, 11.6 ± 1.5y DP: Mean ± SD, 11.5 ± 1.5y | 4/2020 | Oxford Stringency Index: 88.1 (75.0 to 89.8) School Closure Index: 3.0 (3.0 to 3.0) Days OSI > 60 before measurement: 13 Days of removed restrictions: 0 | 10/2018 | Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, self-reported | Name: School Health Action, Planning, and Evaluation System (SHAPES) Estimated time-frame: weekday Cut-off points: NI | Some concerns |
Spain | |||||||||
Alonso-Mart¡nez, 2021 [43] | Cohort study | PP: 21 (42.9) DP: 21 (42.9) | Age range: 4 to 6y PP: Mean ± SD, 4.28 ± 0.80y DP: Mean ± SD, 4.29 ± 0.76y | 3-4/2020 | Oxford Stringency Index: 68.2 (11.1 to 85.2) School Closure Index: 2.6 (0.0 to 3.0) Days OSI > 60 before measurement: 0 Days of removed restrictions: 0 | 9-12/2019 | Total and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, accelerometer | Name: GENEActiv tri-axial accelerometer Estimated time-frame: 3 days prior to lockdown and 3 days during lockdown Cut-off points: According to Crotti et al. [44] (light, moderate, vigorous) | Very high |
García-Alonso, 2022 [45] | Cohort study | PP: 124 (50) DP: 110 (51) | Age range: 4 to 7y Mean, 5.77y | 1-3/2021 | Oxford Stringency Index: 70.6 (66.7 to 78.7) School Closure Index: 1.1 (1.0 to 3.0) Days OSI > 60 before measurement: 68 Days of removed restrictions: 0 | 1-3/2020 | Total and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, accelerometer | Name: GENEActiv tri-axial accelerometer Estimated time-frame: 6 consecutive days Cut-off points: According to Hildebrand et al. [46, 47] (light, moderate, vigorous) | Some concerns |
Medrano, 2021 [48] | Cohort study | PP: 291 (47.8) DP: 113 (48.7) | Age range: 8 to 16y PP: Mean ± SD, 12.1 ± 2.4y DP: Mean ± SD, 12.0 ± 2.6y | 3-4/2020 | Oxford Stringency Index: 68.2 (11.1 to 85.2) School Closure Index: 2.6 (0.0 to 3.0) Days OSI > 60 before measurement: 0 Days of removed restrictions: 0 | 9-12/2019 | Total and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, accelerometer | Name: ActiGraph (no further information) Estimated time-frame: NI Cut-off points: NI | High |
Tapia-Serrano, 2022 [49] | Cross-sectional study | PP: 844 (42.7) DP: 501 (55.3) | Age range: 11 to 16y PP: Mean ± SD, 13.12 ± 0.86y DP: Mean ± SD, 14.39 ± 1.16y | 2-3/2021 | Oxford Stringency Index: 69.5 (66.7 to 71.3) School Closure Index: 1.0 (1.0 to 1.0) Days OSI > 60 before measurement: 201 Days of removed restrictions: 0 | 3-6/2018 | Total physical activity, self-reported | Name: PAQ for Adolescents (PAQ-A) Estimated time-frame: 7-day recall Cut-off points: NI | Some concerns |
Sweden | |||||||||
Chen, 2022 [50] | Cohort study | PP & DP: 583 (NI) | PP: Mean ± SD, 13.6 ± 0.4y | 2-11/2020 | Oxford Stringency Index: 69.5 (66.7 to 71.3) School Closure Index: 1.0 (1.0 to 1.0) Days OSI > 60 before measurement: 201 Days of removed restrictions: 0 | 9/2015–6/2019 | Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, self-reported | Name: WHO HBSC physical activity questionnaire Estimated time-frame: NI Cut-off points: NI | Some concerns |
Switzerland | |||||||||
Zehnder, 2022 [51] | Retrospective study | PP & DP: 237 (44.1) | Age range: 7 to 16y Mean ± SD, 11.7 ± 2.47y | 4-5/2020 | Oxford Stringency Index: 69.5 (66.7 to 71.3) School Closure Index: 1.0 (1.0 to 1.0) Days OSI > 60 before measurement: 201 Days of removed restrictions: 0 | Retrospective study | Sporting activity, self-reported | Name: German Physical Activity, Exercise and Sport Questionnaire (BSA-F) Estimated time-frame: PP: Last 7 days, DP: typical week Cut-off points: NI | High |
United Kingdom | |||||||||
Bingham, 2021 [52] | Cohort study | PP: 643 (49) DP: 658 (NI) | Age range: 9 to 13y PP: Mean ± SD, 9.1 ± 1.1y DP: Mean ± SD, 10.5 ± 1.1y | 5-7/2020 | Oxford Stringency Index: 68.5 (64.4 to 73.2) School Closure Index: 3.0 (3.0 to 3.0) Days OSI > 60 before measurement: 40 Days of removed restrictions: 0 | 2017–2020 | Total physical activity, self-reported | Name: PP: PAQ for Children (PAQ-C); DP: Youth Activity Profile - English Youth Version (YAP) Estimated time-frame: PAQ-C: 7-day recall; YAP: normal weekday or weekend in the last 7 days Cut-off points: PAQ-C: girls: sufficiently active > 2.7 aggregate score, not sufficiently active < 2.7 aggregate score; boys: sufficiently active > 2.9 aggregate score, not sufficiently active < 2.9 aggregate score; YAP: sufficiently active > 60 min, not sufficiently active < 60 min | High |
James, 2021 [53] | Cross-sectional study | PP1: 475 (50.7) PP2: 1,150 (47.7) DP: 1,068 (49.4) | Age range: 8 to 11y PP1: Mean, 10.30y PP2: Mean, 10.27y DP: Mean, 9.99y | 4-6/2020 | Oxford Stringency Index: 74.9 (67.6 to 79.6) School Closure Index: 3.0 (3.0 to 3.0) Days OSI > 60 before measurement: 10 Days of removed restrictions: 0 | PP1: 3-6/2018 PP2: 3-6/2019 | Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, self-reported | Name: HAPPEN survey Estimated time-frame: Last 7 days Cut-off points: NI | Some concerns |
Salway, 2022 [54] | Cross-sectional study | PP: 1,296 (52) DP: 393 (49) | Age range: 10 to 11y PP: Mean ± SD, 11.0 ± 0.4y DP: Mean ± SD, 10.8 ± 0.5y | 5-12/2021 | Oxford Stringency Index: 48.3 (41.2 to 62.5) School Closure Index: 1.0 (1.0 to 2.0) Days OSI > 60 before measurement: 405 Days of removed restrictions: 0 | 3/2017–7/2018 | Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, accelerometer | Name: ActiGraph wGT3X-BT Estimated time-frame: 5 weekdays and 2 weekend days Cut-off points: According to Evenson et al. [36] (light, moderate, vigorous) | Some concerns |
Sheldrick, 2022 [55] | Cohort study | PP: 102 (50.0) DP: 102 (50.0) | Age range: 10 to 12y PP: Mean ± SD, 10.2 ± 0.7y DP: Mean ± SD, 12.8 ± 0.8y | 6-7/2020 | Oxford Stringency Index: 68.1 (64.4 to 73.2) School Closure Index: 3.0 (3.0 to 3.0) Days OSI > 60 before measurement: 71 Days of removed restrictions: 0 | 2017–18 | Total and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, accelerometer | Name: ActiGraph GT9X Estimated time-frame: PP: 7 consecutive days; DP: 8 consecutive days Cut-off points: According to Chandler et al. [56] (TPA ≥ 306 counts/5 secs, MVPA ≥ 818 counts/5 secs) | Some concerns |