Table 1 Sample characteristics by dog ownership group

Wave 1 age (years)

3.2 (1.1)

3.2 (1.2)

3.3 (1.0)

3.3 (1.1)

3.1 (0.9)

0.780

Length of follow-up (years)

3.0 (1.0)

2.9 (1.1)

2.9 (1.0)

3.2 (1.2)

3.1 (0.9)

0.112

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

p-value

Child sex

n = 600

n = 307

n = 204

n = 58

n = 31

 Female

293 (48.8)

150 (48.9)

102 (50.0)

27 (46.6)

14 (45.2)

0.940

Mother’s education

n = 598

n = 307

n = 203

n = 58

n = 31

 Secondary school, trade, or diploma

196 (32.8)

75 (24.4)

85 (42.1)

22 (37.9)

14 (45.2)

 < 0.001

 Tertiary degree

402 (67.2)

232 (75.6)

117 (57.9)

36 (62.1)

17 (54.8)

Mother’s work status

n = 599

n = 307

n = 203

n = 58

n = 31

 Not in paid employment

112 (18.7)

54 (17.6)

30 (14.8)

18 (31.0)

10 (32.3)

0.011

 Working full-time

173 (28.9)

81 (26.4)

71 (35.0)

12 (20.7)

9 (29.0)

 Working part-time

314 (52.4)

172 (56.0)

102 (50.3)

28 (48.3)

12 (38.7)

Yard size

n = 574

n = 294

n = 193

n = 56

n = 31

 Big enough for running and playing

501 (87.3)

242 (82.3)

180 (93.3)

50 (89.3)

29 (93.6)

0.003

Dwelling type

n = 582

n = 298

n = 196

n = 58

n = 30

 House

516 (88.7)

251 (84.2)

184 (93.9)

51 (87.9)

30 (100.0)

0.002

 Duplex/townhouse/flat/other

66 (11.3)

47 (15.8)

12 (6.1)

7 (12.1)

0 (0.0)

Wave 1 valid accelerometer data

n = 600

n = 307

n = 204

n = 58

n = 31

 Yes

460 (76.7)

232 (75.6)

167 (81.9)

41 (70.7)

20 (64.5)

0.072

Wave 1 season^a

n = 460

n = 232

n = 167

n = 41

n = 20

 Autumn

134 (29.1)

59 (25.4)

57 (34.1)

11 (26.8)

7 (35.0)

0.664

 Winter

122 (26.5)

68 (29.3)

38 (22.8)

12 (29.3)

4 (20.0)

 Spring

159 (34.6)

78 (33.6)

59 (35.3)

15 (36.6)

7 (35.0)

 Summer

45 (9.8)

27 (11.6)

13 (7.8)

3 (7.3)

2 (10.0)

Wave 2 valid accelerometer data

n = 600

n = 307

n = 204

n = 58

n = 31

 Yes

420 (70.0)

213 (69.4)

151 (74.0)

35 (60.3)

21 (67.7)

0.233

Wave 2 season^a

n = 419

n = 213

n = 151

n = 35

n = 21

 Autumn

99 (46.5)

69 (45.7)

14 (40.0)

8 (38.1)

99 (46.5)

0.549

 Winter

50 (23.5)

30 (19.9)

8 (22.9)

6 (28.6)

50 (23.5)

 Spring

37 (17.4)

20 (13.3)

7 (20.0)

2 (9.5)

37 (17.4)

 Summer

27 (12.7)

32 (21.2)

6 (17.1)

5 (23.8)

27 (12.7)

Wave 2 data collection occurred during COVID-19^b

n = 420

n = 213

n = 155

n = 35

n = 21

 Yes

188 (44.8)

103 (48.4)

56 (37.1)

18 (51.4)

11 (52.4)

0.120

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

p-value

Wave 1 accelerometer wear time (mins/day)

666.0 (64.5)

669.1 (67.3)

664.8 (63.5)

666.4 (54.5)

639.6 (56.6)

0.268

Wave 2 accelerometer wear time (mins/day)

884.9 (153.8)

893.0 (150.5)

886.1 (167.0)

852.4 (123.2)

848.8 (129.0)

0.347