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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants by calibrated energy intake and daily step count status

From: Association between doubly labelled water-calibrated energy intake and objectively measured physical activity with mortality risk in older adults

 

Total

(n = 4,159)

Calibrated energy intake and daily step count status

LEI/LSC

(n = 1,352)

HEI/LSC

(n = 1,586)

LEI/HSC

(n = 471)

HEI/HSC

(n = 750)

Age [years] a

72.3

(5.3)

75.5

(5.8)

70.8

(4.2)

72.4

(5.3)

69.3

(3.2)

Women [n (%)] b

2024

(48.7)

641

(47.4)

906

(57.1)

151

(32.1)

326

(43.5)

PD ≥ 1,000 people/km2 [n (%)]b

2033

(48.9)

681

(50.4)

800

(50.4)

212

(45.0)

340

(45.3)

Body mass index [kg/m2]a

22.7

(3.2)

21.4

(2.6)

23.9

(3.5)

21.3

(2.4)

23.1

(2.4)

Current smoker [n (%)]b

422

(10.1)

146

(10.8)

163

(10.3)

40

(8.5)

73

(9.7)

Alcohol drinker [n (%)]b

2891

(69.5)

901

(66.6)

1061

(66.9)

344

(73.0)

585

(78.0)

Living alone [n (%)] b

480

(11.5)

193

(14.3)

177

(11.2)

49

(10.4)

61

(8.1)

Education ≥ 13 years [n (%)]b

988

(23.8)

288

(21.3)

370

(23.3)

135

(28.7)

195

(26.0)

HSES [n (%)]b

1467

(35.3)

495

(36.6)

545

(34.4)

149

(31.6)

278

(37.1)

Denture use [n (%)]b

2426

(58.3)

882

(65.2)

882

(55.6)

280

(59.4)

382

(50.9)

No medication [n (%)]b

1020

(24.5)

258

(19.1)

385

(24.3)

125

(26.5)

252

(33.6)

Hypertension [n (%)]b

1505

(36.2)

489

(36.2)

605

(38.1)

161

(34.2)

250

(33.3)

Stroke [n (%)]b

123

(3.0)

50

(3.7)

39

(2.5)

12

(2.5)

22

(2.9)

Heart disease [n (%)]b

461

(11.1)

187

(13.8)

157

(9.9)

50

(10.6)

67

(8.9)

Diabetes [n (%)] b

393

(9.4)

141

(10.4)

133

(8.4)

58

(12.3)

61

(8.1)

Hyperlipidemia [n (%)]b

450

(10.8)

119

(8.8)

223

(14.1)

51

(10.8)

57

(7.6)

Digestive disease [n (%)]b

353

(8.5)

149

(11.0)

119

(7.5)

41

(8.7)

44

(5.9)

Respiratory disease [n (%)]b

172

(4.1)

71

(5.3)

64

(4.0)

23

(4.9)

14

(1.9)

Urological diseases [n (%)]b

274

(6.6)

109

(8.1)

75

(4.7)

45

(9.6)

45

(6.0)

Cancer [n (%)]b

120

(2.9)

52

(3.8)

48

(3.0)

14

(3.0)

6

(0.8)

No. of chronic diseasesa,c

0.93

(0.95)

1.01

(1.00)

0.92

(0.94)

0.97

(0.97)

0.75

(0.87)

Frailty [n (%)]b

1026

(24.7)

471

(34.8)

354

(22.3)

88

(18.7)

113

(15.1)

Calibrated EI [kcal/day]a

2172

(281)

2044

(254)

2233

(271)

2131

(245)

2297

(273)

pBMR [kcal/day]a

1264

(204)

1214

(199)

1285

(207)

1264

(192)

1311

(195)

Calibrated EI/pBMRa

1.73

(0.15)

1.70

(0.15)

1.75

(0.15)

1.70

(0.15)

1.77

(0.14)

Daily step counts [step/day]a

4194

(2395)

2805

(1083)

3096

(1054)

7116

(2149)

7187

(2024)

EI/steps [kcal/100 steps/day]a

70.0

(42.7)

87.2

(43.6)

83.7

(40.2)

31.9

(7.7)

34.0

(8.5)

  1. EI, energy intake; HEI, high energy intake; HSC, high step counts; HSES, high socioeconomic status; LEI, low energy intake; LSC, low step counts; pBMR, predicted basal metabolic rate; PD, population density. Missing values were supplemented using the multivariate imputation method: family structure (n = 266; 6.4%), socioeconomic status (n = 170; 4.1%), education attainment (n = 400; 9.6%), smoking status (n = 150; 3.6%), alcohol drinker (n = 124; 3.0%), denture use (n = 106; 2.5%), medications (n = 285; 6.9%), and frailty status (n = 490; 11.8%). Body mass index was calculated as body weight (kg) divided by height squared (m2)
  2. aContinuous values are shown as mean (standard deviation)
  3. bCategorical values are shown as numbers (percentages)
  4. cFrom the data obtained on disease status (including the presence of hypertension, stroke, heart disease, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, digestive disease, respiratory disease, urological diseases, and cancer), the comorbidity scores were summed to obtain a total score ranging from 0 (no comorbidity) to 9 (poor status)
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International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

ISSN: 1479-5868

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