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Table 1 Differences for the baseline characteristics in terms of studying variables by quintiles of daily eating frequency

From: Relationship between circadian eating behavior (daily eating frequency and nighttime fasting duration) and cardiovascular mortality

Variables

Daily eating frequency

P-value

Quintile 1 (< 3 times, N = 8410)

Quintile 2 (3 to 3.5 times, N = 8380)

Quintile 3 (3.5 to 4 times, N = 3337)

Quintile 4 (4 to 4.5 times, N = 5485)

Quintile 5 (4.5 to 6 times, N = 4852)

Age (years)

44.2 (0.36)

45.8 (0.35)

47.1 (0.41)

47.9 (0.34)

47.4 (0.37)

 < 0.001

Men, %

51.8 (0.6)

50.2 (0.6)

48.5 (1.1)

45.9 (0.7)

45.8 (0.9)

 < 0.001

Non-Hispanic white, %

59.8 (2.0)

68.0 (1.6)

72.2 (1.5)

74.5 (1.2)

77.9 (1.2)

 < 0.001

Smoking, %

27.8 (0.8)

26.1 (0.8)

23.8 (1.0)

22.8 (0.7)

21.0 (0.8)

 < 0.001

Drinking, %

63.5 (0.9)

69.4 (0.7)

71.1 (1.2)

73.3 (1.0)

75.9 (1.0)

 < 0.001

College graduate or above, %

46.9 (1.0)

54.1 (1.0)

63.1 (1.3)

63.1 (1.3)

69.7 (1.2)

 < 0.001

Household income over $75,000, %

8.7 (0.6)

12.5 (0.9)

16.2 (1.1)

18.7 (1.0)

22.9 (1.4)

 < 0.001

Exercised regularly, %

49.9 (0.7)

44.4 (0.8)

40.2 (1.1)

37.8 (1.2)

34.2 (1.2)

 < 0.001

Sleep duration (hours)

6.9 (0.02)

6.9 (0.02)

7.0 (0.02)

6.9 (0.02)

6.9 (0.02)

0.440

Night shift work,%

0.6 (0.1)

0.6 (0.1)

0.2 (0.1)

0.3 (0.1)

0.4 (0.1)

 < 0.001

Daily energy intake (kcal/d)

1885.4(12.6)

2090.9(14.3)

2160.0 (20.0)

2230.3 (12.9)

2413.5 (16.9)

 < 0.001

AHEI

47.5 (0.18)

49.0 (0.19)

50.3 (0.26)

50.9 (0.19)

52.1 (0.21)

 < 0.001

Meal skipping, %

 Breakfast skipping

11.4 (0.6)

5.4 (0.3)

2.3 (0.4)

2.5 (0.3)

2.2 (0.2)

 < 0.001

 Lunch skipping

14.3 (0.6)

8.2 (0.4)

6.6 (0.6)

6.7 (0.4)

6.1 (0.5)

 < 0.001

 Dinner skipping

2.8 (0.2)

1.9 (0.2)

1.0 (0.2)

1.2 (0.2)

1.4 (0.2)

 < 0.001

 Nighttime fasting duration (hours)

12.5 (0.04)

11.7 (0.04)

11.2 (0.04)

10.8 (0.04)

10.2 (0.04)

 < 0.001

 First eaten time

8:09 (1.8)

7:57 (2.4)

7:46 (2.4)

7:33 (1.8)

7:42 (1.8)

 < 0.001

 Last eaten time

20:09 (1.2)

20:21 (1.8)

20:31 (1.2)

20:36 (1.8)

20:46 (1.2)

 < 0.001

 BMI, kg/m2

29.0(0.10)

28.8 (0.09)

28.8 (0.18)

28.4 (0.15)

28.0 (0.13)

 < 0.001

 Hypertension, %

36.0 (0.8)

37.0 (0.8)

37.0 (1.1)

37.6 (0.9)

34.7 (0.9)

 < 0.001

 SBP, mm Hg

122.4 (0.3)

122.1 (0.3)

121.7 (0.4)

121.3 (0.3)

120.9 (0.3)

 < 0.001

 DBP, mm Hg

70.0 (0.2)

70.1 (0.2)

70.4 (0.3)

70.2 (0.3)

70.9 (0.3)

0.005

 Diabetes, %

12.2 (0.4)

11.5 (0.4)

12.4 (0.9)

10.8 (0.5)

9.9 (0.7)

 < 0.001

 Fasting Glucose, mmol/l

5.86 (0.04)

5.85 (0.04)

5.76 (0.05)

5.77 (0.04)

5.68 (0.04)

 < 0.001

 Dyslipidemia, %

22.5 (0.7)

27.0 (0.5)

11.6 (0.4)

20.4 (0.5)

18.5 (0.5)

 < 0.001

 TC, mmol/l

5.00 (0.01)

5.05(0.02)

5.04 (0.03)

5.10 (0.02)

5.09 (0.02)

0.212

 LDL-C, mmol/l

2.94 (0.02)

2.97 (0.02)

2.93 (0.03)

3.02 (0.02)

2.95 (0.03)

0.262

 HDL-C, mmol/l

1.33 (0.01)

1.35 (0.01)

1.37 (0.01)

1.40 (0.01)

1.43 (0.01)

0.013

 TG, mmol/l

1.49 (0.02)

1.54 (0.02)

1.49 (0.04)

1.52 (0.04)

1.43 (0.03)

0.262

  1. BMI body mass index, AHEI alternative healthy eating index, TC plasma total cholesterol, TG plasma triglycerides
  2. Continuous variables were presented as mean (Standard error), and categorical variables were presented as percentage (Standard error)
  3. General linear models adjusting for age and sex, and chi-square tests were used to compare baseline characteristics as a function of fasting duration by different groups. All analyses were based on estimates with sample weights
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International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

ISSN: 1479-5868

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