Table 3 Association of daily eating frequency with mortalities of all-cause, CVD, heart disease and stroke

All-cause mortality

 Death/person-years

1879/108202

759/49470

789/54242

495/35711

635/59486

 Unadjusted

1.67 (1.48–1.89)

1.54 (1.34–1.77)

1.39 (1.21–1.59)

1.44 (1.25–1.66)

1 (ref.)

 Model 1

1.38 (1.21–1.56)

1.30 (1.13–1.49)

1.22 (1.06–1.42)

1.23 (1.06–1.42)

1 (ref.)

 Model 2

1.23 (1.07–1.40)

1.23 (1.07–1.41)

1.16(0.99–1.34)

1.21(1.04–1.39)

1 (ref.)

 Model 3

1.16 (1.01–1.33)

1.20(1.05–1.37)

1.14(0.98–1.33)

1.21(1.04–1.39)

1 (ref.)

CVD mortality

 Death/person-years

797/108202

297/49470

319/54242

181/35711

229/59486

 Unadjusted

2.12 (1.75–2.57)

1.79 (1.44–2.21)

1.72(1.40–2.10)

1.49(1.18–1.88)

1 (ref.)

 Model 1

1.63 (1.33–2.00)

1.41 (1.14–1.75)

1.44 (1.17–1.77)

1.22(0.95–1.56)

1 (ref.)

 Model 2

1.39 (1.12–1.71)

1.28 (1.04–1.59)

1.33 (1.08–1.63)

1.78 (0.92–1.50)

1 (ref.)

 Model 3

1.33 (1.06–1.67)

1.27 (1.02–1.58)

1.32 (1.07–1.63)

1.18 (0.92–1.51)

1 (ref.)

Heart disease-specific mortality

 Death/person-years

512/108202

194/49470

219/54242

113/35711

143/59486

 Unadjusted

2.35 (1.86–2.98)

2.06 (1.57–2.69)

2.07 (1.62–2.64)

1.64 (1.24–2.18)

1 (ref.)

 Model 1

1.87 (1.47–2.39)

1.64 (1.24–2.15)

1.80 (1.41–2.30)

1.36 (1.03–1.81)

1 (ref.)

 Model 2

1.51 (1.17–1.94)

1.44 (1.10–1.89)

1.62 (1.27–2.08)

1.29 (0.98–1.71)

1 (ref.)

 Model 3

1.44 (1.09–1.90)

1.43 (1.08–1.90)

1.62 (1.25–2.10)

1.30 (0.98–1.74)

1 (ref.)

Stroke-specific mortality

 Death/person-years

113/108202

32/49470

45/54242

28/35711

34/59486

 Unadjusted

0.72 (0.48–1.08)

0.77 (0.48–1.21)

1.10 (0.67–1.82)

1.28 (0.94–1.74)

1 (ref.)

 Model 1

0.77 (0.50–1.21)

0.76 (0.47–1.23)

1.10 (0.68–1.77)

1.30 (0.94–1.81)

1 (ref.)

 Model 2

0.89 (0.54–1.48)

0.85 (0.52–1.37)

1.19 (0.73–1.96)

1.39 (0.99–1.91)

1 (ref.)

 Model 3

0.90 (0.52–1.57)

0.89 (0.51–1.57)

1.28 (0.76–2.17)

1.47 (1.04–2.07)

1 (ref.)