Table 4 Characteristics of articles associated with the food marketing domain (n = 51)

Jurisdiction level

National

27

53

[74,75,76,77, 85, 86, 88, 89, 157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175]

Provincial/territorial

11

22

[83, 84, 90,91,92, 176,177,178,179,180,181]

Regional

1

2

[182]

Municipal

12

24

[87, 183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193]

Setting

Television

18

35

[160, 161, 165, 166, 168, 169, 171,172,173, 176,177,178, 182, 184,185,186, 188, 189]

Digital

11

22

[157, 162, 163, 167, 169,170,171,172,173, 175, 190]

Food packaging

10

20

[74,75,76,77, 88, 89, 158, 159, 164, 183]

Stores or restaurants

9

18

[86, 87, 90,91,92, 169, 171,172,173]

Print

6

12

[169, 171,172,173,174, 182]

School settings

5

10

[83, 84, 172, 173, 191]

Recreational sports settings

5

10

[172, 173, 179,180,181]

Outdoor (billboards, signs, vehicles with product or brand marketing)

4

8

[171,172,173, 192]

Events (sport or concert)

4

8

[171,172,173, 182]

Giveaways, samples, or special offers

4

8

[169, 171,172,173]

Sponsorship

4

8

[169, 171, 173, 187]

Movie theatres

3

6

[172, 173, 193]

Radio

3

6

[172, 173, 182]

Methods

Data collection methods (all settings)

In-store

13

25

[74, 76, 77, 85,86,87,88,89,90, 158, 159, 164, 183]

Commercial database

10

20

[91, 92, 163, 168, 170, 184,185,186, 188, 189]

Questionnaire

8

16

[83, 84, 169, 171,172,173, 182, 190]

Online audit (for food packaging and digital media)

6

12

[75, 157, 162, 167, 175, 187]

Observational audit

5

10

[179,180,181, 191, 193]

TV station recording

5

10

[160, 161, 176,177,178]

TV viewing diary

3

6

[176,177,178]

Governmental database

2

4

[165, 166]

Other (e.g., print media, ground-truthing)

3

6

[166, 174, 192]

Outcomes

Exposure to marketing

40

78

[74, 76, 83, 85,86,87, 91, 92, 160,161,162,163, 165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182, 184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193]

Types of foods marketed^a

28

53

[74, 76, 77, 89, 158,159,160,161, 163,164,165, 167, 168, 170, 175, 176, 178, 184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193]

Quality (‘healthiness’) of foods marketed

21

41

[75,76,77, 86, 88, 158, 160, 161, 163, 164, 170, 177,178,179,180,181, 185, 189, 190, 192, 193]

Power of marketing

20

39

[85, 86, 90, 157, 159,160,161,162, 167, 175,176,177, 179,180,181, 184,185,186, 190, 191]

Nutrient content of food marketed

13

25

[74, 75, 85, 88, 89, 163, 167, 170, 177, 178, 183,184,185]

Food companies that advertised^b

11

22

[86, 163, 166, 167, 170, 175, 183, 184, 187, 190, 193]

Presence of child-appealing marketing

4

8

[74, 89, 162, 167]

Location of marketing (e.g., at entryway, at checkout)

3

6

[86, 90, 193]

Serving size of foods marketed

2

4

[88, 89]

Other (e.g., social media use)

5

10

[83, 84, 162, 181, 190]