Table 1 Key study and model characteristics of studies included in the review
First author last name | Publication year | Type of model | Model evidence base | Measure(s) of SEP | Modelled health behaviors | Modelled health outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Studies containing a conceptual model or framework | ||||||
Ansari [55] | 2003 | Eco-epidemiological theoretical framework | Literature and author expertise (not explicitly stated) | SEP (in general) | Health behavior in general (incl. unhealthy behavior) | General health or well-being (incl. morbidity, mortality) |
Cavill [72] | 2020 | Causal loop diagram | Literature, author expertise, and stakeholder consultations | Combination of specific SEP indicators | Physical activity or sedentary behavior | Chronic disease |
Chastin [56] | 2016 | Conceptual framework | Literature review | Combination of specific SEP indicators | Physical activity or sedentary behavior; diet or eating behavior | General health or well-being (incl. morbidity, mortality) |
Crielaard [71] | 2021 | Causal loop diagram | Literature, author expertise, and stakeholder consultations | SEP (in general) | None | None |
De Viron [57] | 2013 | Conceptual model | Iterative model building process based on existing models, discussion, and re-examination by the authors | Combination of specific SEP indicators | Smoking behavior; physical activity or sedentary behavior | General health or well-being (incl. morbidity, mortality) |
Dover [58] | 2016 | Choice set/choice transition conceptual diagram | Literature and author expertise (not explicitly stated) | Combination of specific SEP indicators | Diet or eating behavior | None |
Fisher [32] | 2014 | Complexity framework | Literature review | Combination of specific SEP indicators | Health behavior in general (incl. unhealthy behavior) | General health or well-being (incl. morbidity, mortality); Chronic disease; Mental health outcomes |
Friel [59] | 2017 | Causal loop diagram | Collaborative conceptual modelling | Combination of specific SEP indicators | Diet or eating behavior | None |
Joffe [60] | 2007 | Conceptual framework | Not stated | Combination of specific SEP indicators | Hygiene practices; Diet or eating behavior | General health or well-being (incl. morbidity, mortality); Chronic disease |
Majowicz [61] | 2016 | Conceptual systems map | Modified thematic synthesis (systematic search, inductive thematic analysis, mapping) | SEP (in general) | Diet or eating behavior | General health or well-being (incl. morbidity, mortality); Obesity |
Mills [68] | 2023 | Causal loop diagram | Literature and stakeholder consultation | Occupation or employment | Smoking behavior | Mental health outcomes |
Neff [62] | 2009 | Conceptual model | Literature, author expertise, and snowballing | SEP (in general) | Diet or eating behavior | General health or well-being (incl. morbidity, mortality) |
Picard [63] | 2011 | Conceptual framework | Literature | SEP (in general) | Health behavior in general (incl. unhealthy behavior) | General health or well-being (incl. morbidity, mortality) |
Rahmani [64] | 2021 | Conceptual framework | Literature review and expert consultation | Combination of specific SEP indicators | Diet or eating behavior; physical activity or sedentary behavior | Mental health outcomes |
Reumers [69] | 2022 | Causal loop diagram | Literature, group model building sessions with stakeholders | Combination of specific SEP indicators | Health behavior in general (incl. unhealthy behavior); care-seeking behavior | General health or well-being (incl. morbidity, mortality); mental health outcomes |
Sawyer [35] | 2021 | Causal loop diagram | Systematic umbrella review, expert panel, and iterative model building process | Income or economic level | Diet or eating behavior | Body mass index or body weight |
Sturmberg [65] | 2017 | Multi-level complex adaptive systems framework | Literature and author expertise (not explicitly stated) | Combination of specific SEP indicators | None | Chronic disease |
Weiler [66] | 2015 | Conceptual framework | Literature, intuition, and informal networking | Income or economic level | None | General health or well-being (incl. morbidity, mortality) |
Wittenborn [67] | 2015 | Causal loop diagram | Structured umbrella review and expert consultation | Income or economic level | Sleep behavior; physical activity or sedentary behavior | General health or well-being (incl. morbidity, mortality); Chronic disease |
Zukeran [70] | 2017 | Conceptual framework | Literature (not always explicitly stated) | Combination of specific SEP indicators | Diet or eating behavior; physical activity or sedentary behavior; smoking behavior; sleep behavior | General health or well-being (incl. morbidity, mortality); chronic disease; body mass index or body weight; mental health outcomes |
Studies containing a simulation model | ||||||
Auchincloss [38] | 2011 | Agent-based model | Hypothetical relationships with some basis in theory | Income or economic level | Diet or eating behavior | None |
Blok [39] | 2015 | Agent-based model | Literature and author expertise | Income or economic level | Diet or eating behavior | None |
Blok [40] | 2018 | Agent-based model | Literature and author expertise | Income or economic level | Physical activity or sedentary behavior | General health or well-being (incl. morbidity, mortality) |
Brittin [41] | 2015 | System dynamics model | Literature review | Combination of specific SEP indicators | None | Chronic disease |
Broomhead [29] | 2021 | Agent-based model | Model structure based on literature and theory, model parametrized using empirical data | Combination of specific SEP indicators | Diet or eating behavior; hygiene practices; care-seeking behavior | General health or well-being (incl. morbidity, mortality); oral health |
Chen [33] | 2018 | System dynamics model | Model structure basis not stated, simulation model parameterized using empirical data | Combination of specific SEP indicators | None | Body mass index or body weight |
Holder [42] | 1987 | System dynamics model | Literature and empirical data | Income or economic level | Alcohol consumption | None |
Homa [34] | 2015 | Agent-based model | Group model-building sessions | SEP (in general) | Health behavior in general (incl. unhealthy behavior); care-seeking behavior | General health or well-being (incl. morbidity, mortality); Chronic disease; Mental health outcomes |
Li [51] | 2018 | Agent-based model | Model structure basis not stated, model parameterized using empirical data | Education | Diet or eating behavior | None |
Lymer [43] | 2012 | Dynamic microsimulation | Model structure basis not stated, model parameterized using empirical data | Combination of specific SEP indicators | Physical activity or sedentary behavior; alcohol consumption; smoking behavior; care-seeking behavior | General health or well-being (incl. morbidity, mortality); Obesity |
Mahamoud [44] | 2013 | System dynamics model | Model structure based on a participatory and iterative modelling approach, model parameterized using empirical data | Income or economic level | Health behavior in general (incl. unhealthy behavior) | General health or well-being (incl. morbidity, mortality); Chronic disease |
Milstein [54] | 2010 | System dynamics model | Insights from previous research and stakeholder review | SEP (in general) | Health behavior in general (incl. unhealthy behavior) | General health or well-being (incl. morbidity, mortality); Chronic disease |
Mooney [53] | 2022 | Agent-based model | Model structure basis not stated, model parameterized using empirical data | Combination of specific SEP indicators | Alcohol consumption | Chronic disease; mental health outcomes |
Occhipinti [45] | 2021 | System dynamics model | Model structure based on iterative participatory modelling, model parameterized using empirical data | Occupation or employment | Suicidal behavior | Mental health outcomes |
Orr [46] | 2014 | Agent-based model | Model structure basis not stated, model parameterized using literature (not explicitly stated) | Combination of specific SEP indicators | Diet or eating behavior | Body mass index or body weight; Cardiovascular disease |
Orr [47] | 2016 | Agent-based model | Model structure basis not stated, model parameterized using literature | Combination of specific SEP indicators | Physical activity or sedentary behavior; diet or eating behavior | Body mass index or body weight |
Salvo [52] | 2021 | Agent-based model | Model structure and parametrization based on empirical data, theory, and team expertise | Combination of specific SEP indicators | Diet or eating behavior | None |
Yang [48] | 2011 | Agent-based model | Model structure basis not stated, model parameterized using population data | SEP (in general) | Physical activity or sedentary behavior | None |
Yang [36] | 2015 | Agent-based model | Literature and an existing model (not explicitly stated) | Income or economic level | Physical activity or sedentary behavior | None |
Yang [37] | 2019 | Agent-based model | Model structure adapted from existing models, model parameterized using empirical data | Income or economic level | Physical activity or sedentary behavior | General health or well-being (incl. morbidity, mortality); Mental health outcomes |
Zhang [49] | 2014 | Agent-based model | Model structure based on theory (a multilevel theory of population health), model parameterized using literature and empirical data | Education | Diet or eating behavior | None |
Zhang [50] | 2018 | Agent-based model | Model structure based on existing models, model parameterized using empirical data | Income or economic level | Health behavior in general (incl. unhealthy behavior) | General health or well-being (incl. morbidity, mortality) |