Effects of combined dietary intervention and physical-cognitive exercise on cognitive function and cardiometabolic health of postmenopausal women with obesity: a randomized controlled trial

Table 3 Mean score (SD) in metabolic parameters and biomarker test measures between baseline and 3-month retest for each group

Outcome variables	Control group, n = 23		Diet group, n = 23		Exercise group, n = 23		Combined group, n = 23		p-value ^a	η_p²
Outcome variables	Baseline	3-Month	Baseline	3-Month	Baseline	3-Month	Baseline	3-Month	p-value ^a	η_p²
Total cholesterol levels (mg/dl)	213.52 ± 42.91	221.57 ± 49.71	225.39 ± 46.56	213.88 ± 47.26	217.65 ± 33.91	212.42 ± 39.52	210.26 ± 41.36	199.41 ± 37.30	0.006	0.134
Triglyceride levels (mg/dl)	135.70 ± 62.88	147.91 ± 81.56	144.48 ± 82.72	130.10 ± 62.75	155.09 ± 80.59	132.59 ± 55.37	147.52 ± 78.29	129.20 ± 59.13	0.095	0.070
Glucose levels (mg/dl)	110.65 ± 38.94	110.55 ± 38.28	99.87 ± 10.61	97.63 ± 10.84	115.87 ± 42.84	115.11 ± 39.59	101.35 ± 11.39	101.29 ± 10.20	0.688	0.017
Insulin levels (µU/mL)	12.95 ± 5.95	10.75 ± 4.89	12.83 ± 7.43	9.33 ± 4.94	14.25 ± 9.42	7.33 ± 2.49	13.08 ± 4.47	6.57 ± 2.15	0.001	0.181
HOMA-IR	3.47 ± 1.76	3.08 ± 2.25	3.15 ± 1.81	2.23 ± 1.15	3.94 ± 2.67	2.06 ± 0.98	3.27 ± 1.20	1.66 ± 0.58	0.003	0.151
plasma IL-6 levels (pg/mL)	0.82 ± 0.82	1.08 ± 1.25	0.65 ± 0.36	0.77 ± 0.42	0.73 ± 0.40	0.77 ± 0.45	0.64 ± 0.33	0.68 ± 0.37	0.304	0.041
plasma adiponectin levels (ng/mL)	6.73 ± 2.68	8.45 ± 3.51	6.63 ± 1.40	10.63 ± 3.42	6.18 ± 1.72	10.71 ± 3.32	6.79 ± 1.58	11.89 ± 3.57	0.008	0.126
plasma BDNF levels (ng/mL)	3.36 ± 2.89	2.89 ± 1.72	3.21 ± 2.43	4.39 ± 1.80	4.01 ± 2.23	4.67 ± 2.15	3.79 ± 2.17	4.72 ± 2.25	0.004	0.142

^aAnalysis of covariance comparing group differences at 3 months adjusted for baseline values. All values are means ± standard deviations (SD). IL-6 = Interleukin 6, BDNF = Brain-derived nerve growth factor

ISSN: 1479-5868