Study/ Location | Study design/ Sample size | Policy | Gender | Age/ Follow-up or exposure duration | Ethnicity | Socioeconomic status | Baseline weight status | Outcome measure(s)/ Growth reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diet policies | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Foster, et al. 2008 [55]/ USA | Randomised controlled trial/ n = 844, I:n = 479, C: n = 365 | School nutrition policy initiative | I: 45.0% males, 55.0% females, C: 47.8% males, 52.2% females | I: mean ± SD 11.1 ± 1.0 years, C: mean ± SD 11.2 ± 1.0 years/ 2 years | I: 44.3% black, 22.4% Hispanic, 17.1% Asian, 10.7% white, 5.5% other, C: 46.8% black, 27.7% Asian, 14.2% white, 5.8% Hispanic, 5.5% other | Not described | I: 17.2% overweight, 25.34% obese, C: 16.5% overweight, 21.8% obese | BMI-SDS, overweight, obese/ CDC 2000 |
Baxter, et al. 2009 [53]/ USA | Cohort study/ n = 1,557 | Location of School Breakfast Program consumption | Males and females | 9–10 year olds/ 4 years | 90% black | Not described | Not provided | BMI% |
Henry, 2006 [50]/ USA | Cohort study/ n = 7,446 | National School Lunch Program | Males and females | 4–10 year olds/ 3 years | 66% white, 26% African American, 5% Hispanic, 4% American Indian, 3% Asian | 26% eligible for FSM | Kindergarten: 4% overweight, 4% obese, 3rd grade: 4% overweight, 6% obese | Overweight from BMI/ CDC2000 |
Hernandez, Francis and Doyle, 2003 [41]/ USA | Cohort study/ n = 1,140 | National School Lunch Program | 50% males, 50% females | Mean ± SD 6.2 ± 0.4 years/ 9 years | 54% white, 24% Hispanic, 12% black, 10% other | 37% household income < $20,000 | Mean BMI% ± SD, Kindergarten: 63.3 ± 28.0, 1st grade: 62.1 ± 29.8, 3rd grade: 66.6 ± 28.8, 5th grade: 69.4 ± 28.7 | BMI/ CDC 2000 |
Hinrichs, 2010 [47]/ USA | Cohort study/ n = 130,353 | National School Lunch Program | 47.4% males, 52.6% females | Not provided (studied adults who had participated in policy during childhood) | 88.0% white, 10.3% black, 1.6% other | Not described | Males: 42.5% overweight, 8.0% obese, Females: 22.4% overweight, 7.4% obese | BMI, overweight, obese |
Cohort study/ n = 13.531 | National School Lunch Program and School Breakfast Program | 50.7% males, 49.3% females | Mean ± SD 9.2 ± 0.4 years/ 3 years | 57.9% white, 17.4% Hispanic, 13.8% black, 4.5% Asian | Mothers education: 19.8% high school, 28.1% some college, 14.4% bachelor’s degree, 8.4% advanced college degree | Kindergarten: 25.8% overweight, 11.4% obese, 3rd grade: 32.5% overweight, 17.1% obese | BMI%, BMI growth rate/ CDC 2000 | |
Millimet and Tchernis, 2009 [42]/ USA | Cohort study/ n = 7,824 | School Breakfast Program | 51.3% males, 48.7% females | Mean ± SD 9.1 ± 0.3 years/ 5 years | 55.4% white, 19.1% Hispanic, 13.7% black | Mean socioeconomic status index 0.06 ± 0.77 | 3rd grade: 36.5% overweight or obese, 5th grade: 41.4% overweight or obese | BMI growth rate/ CDC 2000 |
Ramirez-Lopez, et al. 2005 [54]/ Mexico | Cohort study/ n = 360, I: n = 254, C: n = 106 | School Breakfast Program | Males and females | I: mean ± SD 8.6 ± 1.3 years, C: mean ± SD 8.4 ± 1.3 years/ 9 months | Not described | Not described | I: 10.6% overweight, 10.6% obese, C: 8.5% overweight, 11.3% obese | BMI, body fat%, overweight, obese/ CDC 2000 |
Fox, et al. 2009 [56]/ USA | Cross-sectional study/ n = 706 | Nutrition guidelines | 51% males, 49% females | Mean 8.8 years/ > 1 year | 52% white, 24% Hispanic, 17% black, 7% other | 48.49% eligible for FSM | Not described | BMI-SDS, obese/ CDC 2000 |
Jones, et al. 2003 [34]/ USA | Cross-sectional study/ n = 772 | National School Lunch Program and School Breakfast Program | 50% males, 50% females | 50% aged 5–8 years, 50% aged 9–12 years/ up to 7 years | 58.2% Black, 25,8% white, 10.4% Hispanic, 0.1% other | Head of household has <12 years education 33.9%, household food insecure 24.0% | 34.2% overweight or obese | Overweight and obese from BMI%/ CDC 2000 |
Physical activity policies | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Donnelly, et al.2009 [62]/ USA | Randomised controlled trial/ n = 1,527, I: n = 814, C: n = 713 | Physical activity across the curriculum | 48.8% males, 51.2% females | 7–9 year olds/ 3 years | 77.4% Caucasian, 10.1% Hispanic, 6.2% African American, 3.6% multi-ethnic, 1.6% Native American, 1.2% Asian | 43% eligible for FSM | Mean BMI ± SD I: 17.9 ± 3.1, C:18.0 ± 3.7 | BMI/ CDC 2000 |
Heelan, et al. 2009 [61]/ USA | Controlled before and after study/ n = 324, I: n = 201, C: n = 123 | Walking school bus scheme | 44.8% males, 55.2% females | Mean ± SD I: 8.1 ± 1.7 years, C: 8.4 ± 1.6 years/ 2 years | 90% white, 7% Hispanic, 3% other | ~30% eligible for FSM | Mean BMI% ± SD I:67.6 ± 22.3, C:61.6 ± 29.1 | BMI-SDS,% body fat/ CDC 2000 |
Chiodera, et al.2008 [60]/ Italy | Cohort study/ n = 4,500 | Professionally led PE | 51.1% males, 48.9% females | 6–10 year olds/ 8 months | Not described | Not described | Mean BMI ± SD: grade 1 16.3 ± 2.3, grade 2 16.9 ± 2.5, grade 3 17.2 ± 2.6, grade 4 17.9 ± 3.1, grade 5 18.6 ± 3.1 | BMI |
Datar and Sturm, 2004 [38]/ USA | Cohort study/ n = 9,751, I: n = 8,917, C: n = 834 | Increased PE duration of 1 hour per week | 50% males, 50% females | 4–6 year olds/ 1 year | I: 61% white, 16% Hispanic, 12% black, 11% other, C: 58% white, 20% black, 15% Hispanic, 8% other | I: 13% family income < $15,000, C: 16% family income < $15,000 | I: 15% overweight, 11% obese, C: 15% overweight, 12% obese | BMI/ CDC 2000 |
Fernandes, 2010 [39] and Fernandes and Sturm, 2011 [40]/ USA | Cohort study/ n = 8,246 | Meeting the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) guidelines | 50.4% males, 49.6% females | 6–11 year olds/ 5 years | 61.2% white, 18.7% Hispanic, 13.1% black, 7.0% other | 11.3% below the poverty threshold | Mean BMI% ± CD 60.8 ± 28.3, 13.3% obese | BMI%/ CDC 2000 |
Combined policies | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
Johnson, et al. 2012 [31]/ Australia | Controlled before and after study/ n = 1318 | Be Active Eat Well | I: 46.3% males, 53.7% females, C: 50.8% males, 49.2% females | Baseline mean ± SD – I: 8.16 ± 2.25, C: 8.19 ± 2.15. Follow-up mean ± SD – I: 11.1 ± 2.26 C:10.3 ± 2.14 | Parents born overseas [27]* I: 6% C: 12% | Mothers didn’t complete high school education I: 47.1% C: 40.6% | Baseline mean BMI-SDS ± SD – I: 0.59 ± 0.92, C: 0.60 ± 0.87. Follow-up mean BMI-SDS ± SD – I: 0.54 ± 0.94 C:0.59 ± 0.88 | BMI-SDS/ CDC 2000 |
Jordan, et al. 2008 [64]/ USA | Controlled before and after study/ n = 577 | Utah’s Gold Medal Schools | I: 51% males, 49% females, C:52% males, 48% females | Mean ± SD I: 9.0 ± 1.6 years, C: 9.0 ± 1.6 years/ 1 year | I: 85.8% white, 7.6% Hispanic, 2.8% Hawaiian, 0.7% Asian, 0.4% American Indian, 0.0% African American, 2.8% other C: 86.7% white, 7.0% Hispanic, 2.1% African American, 0.7% American Indian, 0.7% Asian, 0.4% Hawaiian, 2.5% other | Maternal education: <high school I: 1.7%, C: 4.9%, high school graduate I: 19.9%, C: 25.9%, some college I: 41.9%, C: 41.6%, college graduate I: 32.0%, C: 25.5%, graduate degree I: 4.5%, C: 2.1% | Not described | BMI-SDS/ CDC 2000 |
Chomitz, et al. 2010 [63]/ USA | Cohort study/ n = 1,858 | Healthy living Cambridge kids | 51.8% males, 48.2% females | Mean ± SD 7.7 ± 1.8 years/ 3 years | 37.3% white, 36.9% black, 14.0% Hispanic, 10.2% Asian, 1.7% other | 43.3% from low income families | Mean BMI-SDS ± SD 0.7 ± 1.1. 16.8% overweight, 20.2% obese | BMI-SDS, overweight, obese/ CDC 2000 |
Harrison, et al. 2011 [57]/ UK | Cross-sectional study/ n = 1,724 | Variety of diet and physical activity related policies | 44.4% males, 55.6% females | Mean ± SD 10.3 ± 3.1 years/ 5 years | Not described | Age parent left full time education: <16 years 46.5%, 16–18 years 33.4%, >18 years 20.1% | 16.8% overweight, 5.2% obese | Fat mass index (FMI)/ IOTF |
Veugelers and Fitzgerald, 2005 [58]/ Canada | Cross-sectional study/ 279 schools | Nutrition policy and Annapolis valley health promoting schools project | Males and females | 10–11 year olds/ 5 years | Not described | Not described | 32.8% overweight, 9.9% obese | Overweight, obese from BMI-SDS/ IOTF |
Zhu, et al. 2010 [59]/ USA | Cross-sectional study/ 738 schools | Variety of diet and physical activity related policies | Males and females | Not described/ up to 6 years | Not described | 53% eligible for FSM | Mean ± SD 71.7% ± 12.6 within BMIHFZ | BMIHFZ |