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Table 2 Summary of correlates

From: Screen time use in children under 3 years old: a systematic review of correlates

Variable type

Variable

Positive association

Negative association

No association

Association (% of studies examining variable that support association)

Consistency strength

Child biological and demographic factors

      
 

Sex

[35]

 

[3, 4, 12, 14, 35, 36, 38, 43],[46]

NA (9/10 = 90%)

S*

 

Child’s age

[3, 4, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 23],[29, 33, 36, 39, 40, 42, 43]

[37]a

[12, 31]

(+) (15/17 = 88%)

S*

 

Ethnicity/race (non-caucasian)

[3, 4, 8, 15, 17]b[34, 43, 47],

[17]c

[14, 46]

(+) (8/11 = 73%)

S*

 

First born

  

[4, 12, 36]

NA (3/3 = 100%)

S

 

BMI

[3, 36, 38, 43]

  

(+) (4/4 100%)

S*

Family biological/demographic factors

      
 

Maternal age

 

[33, 38, 40]

[12, 14, 34, 44]

U (4/7 = 57%)

 
 

Maternal education

 

[4, 34, 36, 38, 43]

[3, 12, 13, 15, 31, 44, 46]

U (7/12 = 58%)

 
 

Paternal education

 

[15]

[4, 14]

NA (2/3 = 67%)

M

 

Parental education (data not disaggregated)

 

[3]

 

IN

 
 

Maternal employment (employed)

  

[4, 14, 34, 36, 44, 46]

NA (6/6 = 100%

S*

 

Paternal employment (employed)

  

[4]

IN

 
 

Household income

 

[17, 30, 32, 33, 43]

[4, 14, 15, 31, 46]

U (5/10 = 50%)

 
 

Maternal BMI (Obese)

[44]

  

IN

 
 

Language (non-english speaking)

 

[17]c

[12, 14, 43]

NA (3/4 = 75%)

S

 

Mother non-US born

[12]f

 

[12]g

IN

 

Family structure variables

      
 

Two parent household

 

[38]

[12, 15, 43, 44, 46]

NA (5/6 = 83%)

S*

 

Number of children in home

 

[15]d

[14, 36, 43]

NA (3/4 = 75%)

S

Sociocultural/environmental factors

      
 

Cognitive stimulation at home (as measured by HOME or StimQ)

[4]e

[8, 38]

 

(−) (2/3 = 67%)

S

 

Distressed/depressed mother

[30, 34, 38, 41, 45]

 

[4, 43, 44]

(+) (5/8 = 63%)

M*

 

Non-parental child care

 

[4]

[12, 14, 15, 38]

NA (4/5 = 80%)

S*

 

Lives in urban area

[36]h

 

[14]

IN

 
 

Season (winter)

[31]

  

IN

 
 

Television in bedroom

[3, 46]

  

IN

 
 

Parent belief child enjoys TV

[33, 40]

  

IN

 
 

Parent belief in educational value of TV

[33, 46]

  

IN

 
 

Heavy TV use in the home (includes background television)

[13]

  

IN

 
 

Shorter breastfeeding

[43]

  

IN

 
 

TV viewing time of father

[36]

  

IN

 
 

TV viewing time of mother

[36, 43, 44]

  

(+) 3/3 = 100%

S

 

Time/content restrictions

  

[31]

IN

 

Behavioral factors

      
 

Daily sleep duration of child

 

[43]

 

IN

 
 

Infant crying duration

[44]

    
 

Onset age of watching TV

[4]

  

IN

 
  1. a = background television; b = for children 12–23 months of English-speaking Latino mothers only, c = for children 24–35 months of Spanish-speaking, Latino mothers only, d = association only for 2 or more siblings; e = for infants 0–11 months, f = at 33 months only; g = at 21 months only; h = weekends only.
  2. (+) = positive association.
  3. (−) = negative association.
  4. NA = studies consistently report no association.
  5. U = Unclear association (fewer than 60% of studies support any association or non-association).
  6. (S) = Strong consistency (70-100% of studies support the reported association or non-association).
  7. (M) = Moderate consistency (60-70% of studies support the reported association or non-association).
  8. * = 4 or more studies support the given association/non-association.
  9. IN = inconclusive (variable not studied on 3 or more occasions).
  10. (Dennison et al., [3]), (Certain & Khan, [4]), (Mendolsohn et al., [8]), (Thompson & Christakis, [10]),(Tomopoulos et al., [11]), (Tomopoulos et al., [12]), (Vandewater et al., [13]), (Zimmerman & Christakis, [14]), (Zimmerman et al., [15]), (Thompson et al., [17]), (Linebarger, & Walker, [23]), (Anand & Krosnick, 2005[29]), (Bank et al., [30]), (Barr, et al., [31]), (Cheng, et al., [32]), (Dalzell, et al., [33]), (Horodynski et al., [34]), (Huston, et al., [35]), (Kourlaba et al., [36]), (LaPierre et al., [37]), (Lumeng et al., [38]), (Masur & Flynn, [40]), (McLearn et al., [41]), (Ruangdaraganon et al., [42]), (Schmit et al., [43]), (Thompson et al., [44]), (Thompson & Christakis, [45]), (Vandewater et al., [46]), (Flores et al., [47]).
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International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

ISSN: 1479-5868

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