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Table 4 Relationship between frequency of breakfast consumption and body composition variables a

From: Sizing the association between lifestyle behaviours and fatness in a large, heterogeneous sample of youth of multiple ethnicities from 4 countries

  

New Zealand

Fiji

Tonga

Australia

All

 

Days

Pacific (N = 750)

Maori (N = 336)

Asian (N = 122)

European (N = 220)

All New Zealand (N = 1428)

Indigenous Fijian (N = 612)

Fijian Indian (N = 829)

All Fiji (N = 1441)

Tongan (N = 1019)

Australian (N = 1673)

All (N = 5561)d

Mean BMIb

5

24.17 (0.18)

22.74 (0.33)

20.09 (0.24)

21.29 (0.28)

23.10 (0.08)

21.51 (0.13)

18.77 (0.12)

19.94 (0.09)

22.31 (0.12)

20.65 (0.07)

21.47 (0.06)

Increment in BMIc

3-4

1.22 (0.34)‡

2.10 (0.87)*

0.25 (0.16)

0.09 (0.16)

1.16 (0.30)†

0.41 (0.32)

0.39 (0.35)

0.36 (0.23)

0.22 (0.18)

0.12 (0.30)

0.43 (0.15)†

0-2

1.60 (0.35)‡

1.88 (0.57)†

0.94 (0.20)‡

0.75 (0.61)

1.43 (0.20)‡

0.34 (0.25)

0.53 (0.25)*

0.42 (0.20)

0.09 (0.24)

0.57 (0.18)†

0.64 (0.14)‡

Mean BMIzb

5

1.18 (0.04)

0.82 (0.07)

-0.09 (0.09)

0.29 (0.06)

0.86 (0.02)

0.36 (0.04)

-0.71 (0.05)

-0.26 (0.03)

0.69 (0.04)

0.28 (0.03)

0.38 (0.02)

Increment in BMIzc

3-4

0.24 (0.07)‡

0.43 (0.19)*

0.01 (0.05)

-0.01 (0.05)

0.23 (0.06)*

0.09 (0.08)

0.12 (0.13)

0.10 (0.06)

0.06 (0.05)

0.01 (0.01)

0.09 (0.04)*

0-2

0.30 (0.07)‡

0.40 (0.12)†

0.29 (0.06)‡

0.19 (0.15)

0.29 (0.04)‡

0.08 (0.07)

0.18 (0.09)*

0.13 (0.07)

0.04 (0.07)

0.14 (0.05)†

0.14 (0.03)‡

Mean %BFb

5

28.81 (0.72)

26.81 (0.74)

22.31 (0.75)

23.81 (0.47)

27.14 (0.49)

20.30 (0.42)

22.09 (0.41)

21.34 (0.34)

22.21 (0.58)

25.93 (0.23)

24.49 (0.17)

Increment in %BFc

3-4

2.18 (1.14)

4.54 (1.76)*

-2.14 (1.25)

-0.44 (0.86)

2.04 (0.84)

0.74 (0.56)

1.07 (0.83)

0.78 (0.47)

0.68 (0.42)

0.30 (0.77)

0.95 (0.33)†

0-2

2.55 (0.99)*

3.99 (1.35)†

0.18 (0.98)

2.89 (1.31)*

2.58 (0.83)*

0.06 (0.42)

0.77 (0.54)

0.41 (0.40)

0.41 (0.66)

1.96 (0.51)‡

1.21 (0.34)‡

Mean TFMb

5

20.54 (0.84)

18.21 (0.76)

12.17 (0.48)

14.81 (0.56)

18.55 (0.48)

12.14 (0.30)

10.99 (0.31)

11.50 (0.26)

13.86 (0.41)

14.86 (0.15)

14.93 (0.16)

Increment in TFMc

3-4

3.31 (1.27)*

5.09 (2.28)*

-0.76 (0.59)

-0.14 (0.63)

2.91 (0.88)*

0.92 (0.64)

0.78 (0.75)

0.69 (0.49)

0.54 (0.35)

0.25 (0.67)

1.02 (0.35)†

0-2

3.60 (1.18)†

4.78 (1.43)†

0.94 (0.51)

2.98 (1.46)*

3.37 (0.81)†

0.13 (0.46)

0.89 (0.54)

0.51 (0.40)

0.17 (0.51)

1.31 (0.44)†

1.33 (0.37)‡

  1. aAdjusted for age and sex. “New Zealand All”, “Fiji All” and “All countries” were further adjusted for ethnicity; bStandard error in parentheses; cCompared to “5 days” (reference category). Standard error in parentheses; dR2 for BMI, BMIz, %BF and TFM models = 0.317, 0.311, 0.250 and 0.230, respectively; BMI = Body mass index (kg/m2); BMIz = BMI z-score; %BF = Percent body fat (%); TFM = Total fat mass (kg); *P<0.05; †P <0.01; ‡P <0.001.
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International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

ISSN: 1479-5868

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