Author, year and name of instrument | # items | Relevant1scales (# items, α) | Methods of administration | Sample description |
---|---|---|---|---|
28 | meals (3) | Self-administered paper survey | Parents of children aged 16 years or younger, Black and white, working and middle class | |
Stanek (1990) Eating Environment [26] | 18 | food-related behavior (18) | Self-administered paper survey | Parents of 2-5 year old children |
Seagren (1991) Parents’ Behavior and Attitudes Toward their Children’s Food Intake [27] | 32 | parent’s control of child food behavior (17) | Self-administered paper survey | Mothers of 3-4 year old children, primarily white, low income |
Sherman (1992) Maternal Feeding Practices Questionnaire [28] | 15 | pushy feeding practices (15) | Interview and self-administered paper survey | Parents of 0-5 year old children, white and Hispanic populations, low income |
25 | positive mealtime environment (5, α = 0.80), parent aversion to mealtime (5, α = 0.70) | Self-administered paper survey | Parents of 8-18 year old children, 50% with cancer or chronic illness | |
Crist (1994) Behavioral Pediatrics Feeding Assessment Scale [31] | 35 | parent’s feelings/strategies (10, α = 0.74) | Self-administered paper survey | Parents of 1-7 year old children, 50% had cystic fibrosis |
Sallis (1995) Study of Children’s Activity and Nutrition [32] | 135 | daily meals eaten together (3), food given as a reward (3, α = 0.59), parenting control of eating (9, α = 0.39) | In-person interview | Parents of 4 year old children, white and Mexican American populations |
Koivisto (1996) Mealtime Practices [33] | 20 | prompt and assure (5), feel and play and idol (3), rename (1), instrumental and reward (3), postpone meals (1), praise (1), decide portion (1), put on plate (1), rush and nag (2), avoid (1), child decides portion (1) | Self-administered paper survey | Parents of 2-17 year old children, Swedish population |
Humphry (1997) Feeding Stories [34] | 27 | no big deal (9, α = 0.70), avoid mess (11, α = 0.76), nurture vs. independence (7, α = 0.71) | In-person interview | Parents of 4-28 month old children, Black and white, lower education |
30 | routines (6), communication (9), rules (7) | Computer- assisted, self-administered | Parents and their children aged 12-18 years old, Belgian population | |
Golan (1998) Family Eating and Activity Habits Questionnaire [37, 38] | 29 | stimulus exposure (8, α = 0.78), eating related to hunger (4, α = 0.86), eating style (13, α = 0.88) | Not specified | Parents of 6-11 year old children, Israeli middle class |
Hupkens (1998) Food Rules [39] | 20 | food rules (20) | Self-administered paper survey | Parents of 4-14 year old children, Belgian and German populations, middle to lower SES |
Fisher (1999) Parental Restriction [40] | 6 | parental restriction of access to the experimental foods at home (6, α = 0.74-0.81) | Self-administered paper survey | Parents of 3-6 year old children, primarily white |
Carper (2000) Kids’ Version of the Child Feeding Questionnaire [41] | 30 | restriction (16, α = 0.60), pressure to eat (14, α = 0.71) | In person interview w/ paper survey | Girls aged 4-6 years old, primarily white, also translated for use in French population [42] |
Cullen (2000) Parent Food-Socialization Practices [43] | 161 | expectancies (7, α = 0.79), consequences (6, α = 0.70), discouraging practices (14, α = 0.84), child shopping influence (4, α = 0.67), parent FJV preparation practices (10, α = 0.73), child lunch/snack FJV preparation (4, α = 0.82), child dinner FJV preparation (3, α = 0.84) | In-person interview | Parents of 9-12 year old children, racially diverse, also examined differences across race/ethnicity [44] and evaluated in Czech population [45] |
221 | parental support for healthy eating (4, α = 0.79), family meal patterns (3, α = 0.73), priority of family meals (5, α = 0.73-0.82), atmosphere of family meals (4, α = 0.73), structure/rules at family meals (5, α = 0.60), parental encouragement to diet (2) | Self-administered paper survey | Children aged 12-16 years old, racially diverse | |
Ross (2000) Family Unpredictability Scale [49] | 22 | meals (5, α = 0.75-0.88) | Self-administered paper survey | Parents of 2-18 year old children, primarily white, higher income |
Baughcum (2001) Preschooler Feeding Questionnaire [50] | 32 | pushing the child to eat more (5, α = 0.70), using food to calm the child (4, α = 0.68), child’s control of feeding interactions (3, α = 0.50), structure during feeding interactions (3, α = 0.37), age-inappropriate feeding (2, α = 0.18) | Self-administered paper survey | Mothers of 23-60 month old children, 56% WIC participants, translated into Spanish [51] |
31 | perceived responsibility (3, α = 0.88), restriction (8, α = 0.73), pressure to eat (4, α = 0.70), monitoring (3, α = 0.92) | Self-administered paper survey | Parents of 2-11 year old children, primarily white, but also tested in Black [55–57], Hispanic [52, 55], Japanese [58], Australian [59], and Hmong [60] samples | |
Cullen (2001) Family and Peer Influences on FJV Intake [61] | 160 | family FJV normative expectations (7, α = 0.88), parent control (11, α = 0.77), permissive eating (4, α = 0.76), food self-preparation (4, α = 0.76), parent FJV/LFF modeling (15, α = 0.89) | Self-administered paper survey | Children aged 9-12 years old, racially diverse |
6 | parent diet modeling (6, α = 0.59-0.74) | self- administered paper survey, and phone interview | Parents of 0-13 year old children, including an African American population [62] | |
Tiggemann (2002) Control Over Child Feeding [64] | 7 | monitoring (5, α = 0.69), family rules (2) | Self-administered survey | Parents of 5-8 year old children, Australian population |
Wardle (2002) Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire [65] | 27 | control over eating (10, α = 0.81), prompting/ encouragement (8, α = 0.74), instrumental feeding (4, α = 0.67), emotional feeding (5, α = 0.83). Note: during pre-testing α’s ranged 0.65-0.85. | Self-administered paper survey | Parents of 3-7 year old children, twins, but also tested in parents of 4-10 year old children from low and high SES [66], and Dutch population [67] |
Bourcier (2003) Eating for a Healthy Life – Strategies to Influence Eating Behavior [68] | 14 | reliance on self (4, α = 0.66), pressuring (4, α = 0.52), positive (4, α = 0.63) | Phone interview | Parents of 0-17 year old children, primarily white |
Cullen (2004) GEMS - Diet-Related Psychosocial Questionnaire [69] | 116 | low-fat food preparation practices (8, α = 0.66) and high-fat food preparation practices (7, α = 0.58) | Not specified | Parents of 7-10 year old girls, African American |
12 | control (4, α = 0.61), accommodating (3, α = 0.44) | In-person interview | Parents of 36-72 month old children, Latino/Hispanic population, low income | |
43 | permissiveness/restriction rules (4, α = 0.71), pressure (5, α = 0.74), encouragement through material reward (3, α = 0.75), verbal praise (2, α = 0.94), encouragement through negotiation (5, α = 0.71), encouragement through rationale (fruit: 4, α = 0.81; veg: 4, α = 0.86), discouragement through rationale (sweets: 5, α = 0.80; soda: 5, α = 0.86), catering on children’s demand (4, α = 0.79), avoiding negative behavior (2, α = 0.82) | Self-administered paper survey | Parents of 2.5-7 year old children, Belgian population | |
De Bourdeaudhuij (2005) Pro Children Project [74] | 104 | parallel scales for fruit and veg: active parent encouragement (2, αF = 0.83 αV = 0.89), demand family rule (1), allow family rule (1) | Self-administered paper survey | Children aged 10-11 years old, from 5 European countries |
Horodynski (2005) Child-Parent Mealtime Behavior Questionnaire [75] | 44 | caregiver’s tendency to get upset with child (4, α = 0.77-0.83), caregiver’s tendency to impose requirements on child’s eating (4, α = 0.68-0.70), caregiver’s emphasis on social interactions during meals (8, α = 0.67-0.73) | Self-administered paper survey | Parents of 11-25 month old children, low-income |
Hughes (2005) Caregiver’s Feeding Style Questionnaire [6, 76, 77] | 24 | parent-centered strategies (12, α = 0.86), child-centered strategies (7, α = 0.71). Note: these two scales were used to score two dimensions of demandingness and responsiveness, which can then be used to categorize feeding style. | Self-administered paper survey | Parents of 3-5 year old children, Black and Hispanic, low income, available in English and Spanish |
Tripodi (2005) Family Dietary Habits (part of the Italian National Institute of Nutrition) [78] | Not specified | family dietary habits (11) | Self-administered paper survey | Parents of 5-6 year old children, Italian population |
Vereecken (2005) Social and Environmental Influences on FJV Consumption [79] | 127 | parallel scales for fruit and veg for: perceived parental behavior (2/2, α = 0.71-0.86), socialization-encouragement (4/4, α = 0.92-0.94), permissive eating practices (4, α = 0.73), obligation rules (5, α = 0.78) | Self-administered paper survey | Children aged 11-12 years old |
Arredondo (2006) Parenting Strategies for Eating and Activity Scale [80, 81] | 26 | limit setting (2 nutr, 4 PA), monitoring (5 nutr, 2 PA), discipline (3 nutr, 2 PA), control (5 nutr, 1 PA), and reinforcement (1 nutr, 1 PA). Final α’s not reported. | Self-administered | Parents of 5-7 year old children, primarily Latino, survey available in English or Spanish |
9 | overt control (4, α = 0.71-0.78), covert control (5, α = 0.79-0.83) | Self-administered paper survey | Parents of 4-11 year old children, primarily white, middle class | |
de Moor (2007) Management Techniques of Feeding Problems [85] | 13 | positive behavioral support (3, α = 0.67), negative behavioral support (4, α = 0.66) and general management techniques (2, α = 0.58) | Self-administered paper survey | Parents of 18-36 month old children, Dutch population |
Gray (2007) Parental Attitudes around Feeding [86] | 46 | parental control (9) | Self-administered paper survey | Parents of 5-8 year old children, 50% Black, and 40% lower income |
Musher-Eizenman (2007) Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire [87] | 49 | monitoring (4, α = 0.78-0.87), emotion regulation (3, α = 0.74-0.78), food as reward (3, α = 0.66-0.69), child control (5, α = 0.49-0.70), modeling (4, α = 0.77-0.84), restriction for weight control (8, α = 0.70-0.82), restriction for health (4, α = 0.69-0.81), teaching about nutrition (3, α = 0.60-0.68), encourage balance and variety (4, α = 0.58-0.73), pressure to eat (4, α = 0.79), healthy environment (4, α = 0.75), involvement (3, α = 0.77) | Computer- assisted, self-administered | Parents of 1.5-8 year old children, primarily white and high income, also translated for use with a Norwegian population [88] |
Reinaerts (2007) Social Influence on F&V Consumption [89] | 63 | mother/father modeling of F&V (4 individual items) | Self-administered paper survey | Parents of 4-12 year old children, Dutch population |
Stanton (2007) Diet-Specific Social Support [90] | 10 | positive family support (5, α = 0.82) | Self-administered paper survey | Children aged 11-12 years old, rural population |
Vue (2007) Individual and Environmental Influences on Calcium Intake [91] | 36 | independence (3, α = 0.67), parental expectations (2, α = 0.94), parental modeling (2, α = 0.81), family limitations (4, α = 0.61) | Self-administered paper survey | Children aged 10-13 years old, Hmong population |
Bryant (2008) Healthy Home Survey [92] | 113 | food environment (8), eating practices (9), eating policies (11) | Phone interview | Parents of 3-8 year old children, primarily white and middle-upper income |
Burgess-Champoux (2008) Determinants of Whole Grain Intake [93] | 41 | enabling behaviors (4, α = 0.82), role modeling (5, α = 0.63) | Not specified | Parents of 10-11 year old children, primarily white |
Byrd-Bredbenner (2008) Food Decision Influencer [94] | 67 | food-related activities (10), food characteristics (10), family meals (12) | Self-administered paper survey | Parents of children 12 years or younger, primarily white |
Faith (2008) Feeding Demands Questionnaire [95] | 8 | anger/frustration (4, α = 0.86), food amount demandingness (2, α = 0.86), and food type demandingness (2, α = 0.70) | Self-administered paper survey | Mothers of 3-7 year old children, twins, racially diverse |
Fulkerson (2008) Family Meals [96] | 24 | family meal routines (7), family meal frequency (3), mealtime conflict (1), TV and eating (3), meal planning and preparation (3), frequency of making separate meals for children and adults (1) | Self-administered paper survey | Parents of 8-10 year old children, primarily white and college graduated |
Gatshall (2008) Home Environment Survey [97] | 126 | parental role modeling of healthy eating (13, α = 0.83), parental policies to support healthy eating (11, α = 0.79) | Self-administered paper survey | Parents of 8-13 year old children, children were overweight or obese |
Haerens (2008) Home Environment Related to Eating [98] | 12 | food rules (4), TV viewing (3) | Self-administered paper survey | Children aged 11-13 years old, Belgian population |
Haire-Joshu (2008) High 5 for Kids [99] | 15 | coercive child feeding practices (4), modeling of F&V intake (1) | Phone interview | Parents of 1-6 year old children |
Kroller (2008) Parental Feeding Strategies [100] | 21 | restriction (6, α = 0.75), monitoring (3, α = 0.93), pressure (3, α = 0.84), rewarding (4, α = 0.77), child control (3, α = 0.73), modeling (2, α = 0.77) | Self-administered paper survey | Mothers of 3-6 year old children, German population, lower income |
Spurrier (2008) Physical and Nutritional Home Environment Inventory [101] | 74 | parental behaviors associated with food | In-person interview (with observation component) | Parents of 4-5 year old children, higher income |
Hendy (2009) Parent Mealtime Action Scale [102] | 31 | snack limits (3, α = 0.81), positive persuasion (4, α = 0.75), daily F&V availability (3, α = 0.70), use of rewards (4, α = 0.65), insistence on eating (3, α = 0.68), snack modeling (3, α = 0.54), special meals (4, α = 0.45), fat reduction (3, α = 0.59), many foods choices (4, α = 0.42) | Self-administered paper survey | Parents of 3-10 year old children, most samples were primarily white |
Joyce (2009) Parent Feeding Dimensions Questionnaire [103] | 32 | supportiveness (10, α = 0.81), structure (6, α = 0.72), coerciveness (10, α = 0.92), chaos (6, α = 0.80) | Self-administered paper survey | Parents of 4-8 year old children, primarily white |
Neumark-Sztainer (2009) Ready Set ACTION [104] | 62 | parent weight talk (7, α = 0.82-0.85) | Child surveys administered by staff; self- administered paper survey for parents | Parents and children aged 9-12 years old, low income |
Pearson (2009) Parental Modeling and Support [105] | 7 | parental modeling of eating behaviors (2), parental support for eating behaviors (2) | Self-administered surveys | Parents of 10-12 year old children, Australian population |
Corsini (2010) Toddler Snack Food Feeding Questionnaire [106] | 42 | rules (10, α = 0.89, 0.85), flexibility (6, α = 0.87, 0.85), allow access (12, α = 0.88, 0.84) | Self-administered paper survey | Parents of 18 month-5 year old children, Australian population |
Dave (2010) Home Nutrition Questionnaire [107] | 25 | parental practices that promote F&V intake 4, α = 0.77), parental role modeling (2, r = 0.75), amount of TV viewing (1) | Self-administered paper survey | Parents of 6-12 year old children, primarily Hispanic and low SES |
MacFarlane (2010) Adolescent Perceptions of Parent Feeding Practices [108] | 25 | encouragement/modeling healthful eating (5, α = 0.74), negotiation (4, α = 0.67), pressure to eat disliked food (3, α = 0.66), pressure to eat when not hungry (3, α = 0.69), monitoring (2, α = 0.87) | Self-administered paper survey | Children aged 12-15 years old, Australian population |
McCurdy (2010) Family Food Behavior Survey [109] | 20 | maternal control (5, α = 0.83), maternal presence (5, α = 0.76), child control (5, α = 0.80), organization (5, α = 0.73) | In-person interview | Parents of 2-11 year old children |
O’Connor (2010) Food Parenting Practices [110] | 33 | teachable moments (5), practical methods (9), firm discipline (4), restriction of junk foods (5), enhanced availability/accessibility (10), across all scales α = 0.41-0.58 | In-person interview | Parents of 3-5 year old children, racially and economically diverse |
Tremblay (2010) Quebec Longitudinal Study of Development – Meal Interactions [111] | 6 | mealtime conflict (6, α = 0.55) | In-person interview | Parents of 4 year old children, population from Quebec |
Zeinstra (2010) Parental Child-Feeding Strategies [112] | 79 | vegetable: positive information (4, α = 0.84), distraction (4, α = 0.67), choice (5, α = 0.70), negative atmosphere (4, α = 0.80), pressure (3, α = 0.76), taste masking (4, α = 0.62), habit (2, α = 0.42), extra veg (3, α = 0.59); fruit: negative atmosphere and pressure (8, α = 0.85), positive information (4, α = 0.82), distraction (3, α = 0.54), choice (5, α = 0.60); includes additional items not in scales | Self-administered paper survey | Parents of children 4-12 years old, Dutch population |
Berlin (2011) Feeding Strategies [113] | 32 | mealtime structure (8, α = 0.75-0.82), consistent mealtime schedule (5, α = 0.84-0.87), child control of intake (8, α = 0.74-0.77), parent control of intake (6, α = 0.70-0.73), between meal grazing (3, α = 0.83-0.88), encourages clean plate (2, α = 0.83-0.89) | Self-administered computer survey | Parents of children 2-6 years old, primarily white |
Byrd-Bredbenner (2011) Social Cognitive Theory Concepts [114] | 39 | self-regulation: sets goals - plans meals and shopping (3, α = 0.75), self-monitoring - uses food labels (3, α = 0.87), environmental structuring - TV during dinner (1) | Self-administered survey | Parents of children less than 12 years old, primarily white and moderate-high SES |
McIntosh (2011) Family Meal Rituals [115] | 12 | dinner as a special family ritual (α = 0.77), a special family night (α = 0.87) | Telephone interview | Parents of children 9-15 years old, primarily white |
Moreno (2011) Family Health Behavior [116] | 27 | parent behaviors (10, α = 0.85), mealtime routines (5, α = 0.77) | Self-administered paper survey | Parents of children 5-12 years old, racially and ethnically diverse |
Murashima (2011) Parental Control Over Child Feeding [117, 118] | 24 | high control (3, α = 0.70), high contingency (4, α = 0.79), child centered feeding (5, α = 0.66), nutrient dense food encouraging practice (2, α = 0.59), energy dense food discouraging practice (4, α = 0.74), mealtime behavior (3, α = 0.62), timing of meal (3, α = 0.64) | Self-administered paper survey | Parents of children 3-5 years old, low income |
Stifter (2011) Baby’s Basic Needs [119] | 13 | food to soothe (13) | Self-administered paper survey | Parents of children 3-34 months old, higher income |
Anderson (2012) Meals in Our Household [120] | 60 | structure of family meals (10, α = 0.66-0.73), use of food as a reward (6, α = 0.76-0.81), influence of child’s food preferences (3, α = 0.39-0.65) | Self-administered survey | Parents of children 3-11 years old |
Dave (2012) Parental Social Support [121] | 32 | instrumental support (17, α = 0.87), positive encouragement (5, α = 0.76), negative role model (3, α = 0.83), discouragement to eat F&V (3, α = 0.78), and reinforcement (2, α = 0.50) | Self-administered paper survey | Parents of elementary-age children, primarily white |
Moore (2012) West Virginia Healthy Lifestyle Act Evaluation [122] | 82 | parent actions regarding family diet (5) | Telephone interview | Parents of children 5-16 years old, primarily white |
Rigal (2012) Feeding Style and Feeding Strategy [123] | 38 | authoritarian (7, α = 0.74), authoritative (7, α = 0.65), permissive (7, α = 0.70), coercion (6, α = 0.81), explanation (4, α = 0.72), contingency (4, α = 0.73), preference (3, α = 0.65) | Self-administered paper survey | Parents of children 20-36 months old, French population |