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Table 1 Summary of observational studies with sedentary behaviour outcomes only

From: A place for play? The influence of the home physical environment on children’s physical activity and sedentary behaviour

Author (Year); Country

Sample characteristics (Number, Age, % Male)

Outcome variables

Home physical and social environment independent variables

Adjustments

Internal validity

External validity

House & yard

PA equipment

Media equipment

BR media equipment

Family rules

Family support

Family behaviour

Sedentary Outcome Only - Cross-Sectional Studies

  

Cui (2011); China [41]

n=986; 6–18 yrs; 53%

Screen time (SR,PR)

  

+

+

0

+

 

Age, income, sex, residence, clustering

+

+

Devis-Devis (2009); SpainE[42]

n=323; 12–16 yrs; 46%

TV time;

  

0

    

Not noted

+

+

e-game time;

  

+

Mobile ph time (SR) (V,R)

  

+

Granich (2011); Aust. [43]

n=298; 11–12 yrs; 49%

Screen time (SR) (R)

  

0

+

+/-

+

0

Not included (NS) except for SES (school day), gender (weekend day); analysed by school/weekend day

+

+

Hardy (2006); Aust. [44]

n=343; 12–13 yrs; 50%

TV time (SR) (R)

  

+

0

0

+

+

Not included (NS)

+

++

Hesketh (2007); Aust.A B D[45]

n=895; grade 5 & 6; 46%

TV Time (PR) (R)

  

+

+

-

+

 

School clustering

+

+

Hoyos Cillero (2011); Spain [46]

n=503; 10–13 yrs; ~50%

TV time;

  

+F,0M

0F,0M

0F,-M

 

0F,+M

Child & parent BMI, parent ed.; school clustering; stratified by age, gender; analysed by week/weekend day

+

+

Screen time (SR) (R)

 

0F,0M

0F,0M

0F,0M

 

0F,+M

Hume (2010); The Netherlands [47]

n=338; 12–15 yrs; 55%

TV time (SR)

 

0

 

0

0

 

+

School clustering

+

+

Jago (2008); Europe [48]

n=2670; grade 3 & 9; 49%

TV time;

  

0

0

   

Grade, gender, father & mother income, obesity; school clustering, country (overall); stratified by country

+

++

e-game time (SR)

 

0

0

Norman (2005); USA [49]

n=878; 11–15 yrs; 46%

Sedentary time (SR) (R)

 

0F,0M

  

-F, 0M

+F,0M

 

Age, ethnicity, BMI, education; stratified by gender

+

+

Patriarca (2009); Italy [50]

n=987; 11–16 yrs; 50%

TV Time;

  

0

0

0

  

Age, gender, no. of siblings, both parents in household, parent working activity, sport activity

+

++

Computer time;

 

+

+

0

e-game time (SR)

 

0

0

-

Ramirez (2011); USA [51]

n=160; mean 14.6 yrs; 48%

TV time;

   

+

-

  

Not noted; analysed by SR/PR

+

+

e-game time;

  

+

-

Computer time (SR,PR) (R)

  

0

-

Springer (2010); USA [52]

n=734; grade 4; 50%

TV time (SR)

   

0

-

 

+

Gender, ethnicity, age, language, data collection period, school clustering; analysed by week/weekend day

+

+

van Sluijs (2010); Europe [53]

n=2107; 9–10 & 14–15 yrs; 46 & 56%

Sedentary time (Acc) (V)

  

0

0

  

0

Grade, sex; stratified by country

++

++

van Zutphen (2007); Aust. [54]

n=1926; 4–12 yrs; 49%

TV time (PR)

  

+

+

-

  

Parent ed., income, SES, no. of adults & children

+

+

Zabinski (2007); USAC[55]

n=878; 11–15 yrs; 48%

Sedentary time (SR)

 

-

  

-

0

 

Not noted

+

+

Sedentary Outcome Only - Longitudinal Studies

Te Velde (2011); The NetherlandsB[56]

n=12654; 11–17 yrs; 54%

TV time (SR) (R)

   

+

-

 

+

Age, sex, school level (SES), ethnicity

++

++

Willoughby (2008); Canada [57]

n=1591; grade 9 & 10; 51%

e-game use;

  

0

    

Parent ed., baseline value of outcome, gender

+

+

Internet use (SR)

0

  1. Longitudinal studies include age at baseline; E-games include electronic & computer games; Computer includes computer and internet use; All analysis at highest multivariate level unless otherwise noted; Significance at p<0.05 unless otherwise noted; M (male) & F (female) entered separately where stratified as such; For studies with multiple groups or time specific outcomes at least half of analysis must show an association in the given direction (‘+’ or ‘-‘) with an independent variable; Adjustments listed as stated in paper; SR self report, PR parent report, Acc accelerometer, V validity reported, R reliability reported, NS potential confounders not included in final analysis as found to be non-significant, SES socioeconomic status, BMI body mass index, A bivariate analysis, B mediation analysis, C cluster analysis, D significance p<0.1, E SEM analysis.