Table 3 Comparison of the environment along the actual and shortest possible routes (n = 113)

Traffic

Bicycle pathways^a

30.0 (±28,3)

19.3 (±20,8)

10.7

<0.001

Bicycle lanes^a

31.3 (±26.7)

30.6 (±22.7)

0.5

0.723

Side roads without bicycle lanes^a

21.6 (±14,5)

24.6 (±14,6)

−3.0

0.001

Main roads without bicycle lanes^a

9.8 (±17.7)

21.2 (±28.1)

−10.4

<0.001

Traffic lights^b

1.5 (±1,1)

1.7 (±1,0)

−0.2

0.001

Crossings^b

1.3 (±0.9)

1.6 (±1.0)

−0.3

<0.001

Greenery/aesthetics

Green and aquatic areas^c

19.2 (±10.9)

14.5 (±7.7)

4.7

<0.001

-Urban trees^b

44.9 (±30.7)

42.2 (±27.3)

2.7

0.089

-Sports and recreation areas^c

7.7 (±8.7)

4.3 (±5.2)

3.4

<0.001

-Playing fields^c

0.9 (±1.2)

0.8 (±1.5)

0.1

0.042

-Forests^c

0.6 (±1.8)

0.5 (±1.5)

0.1

0.341

-Aquatic areas^c

2.9 (±4.6)

1.3 (±2.1)

1.6

<0.001

Topography

Steepness^d

0.2 (±0.6)

0.4 (±0.9)

0.2

0.031

Other land use

Residential areas^c

28.6 (±20.1)

28.1 (±19.4)

0.5

0.778

Industrial and commercial areas^c

3.2 (±4.7)

3.2 (±4.7)

0.0

0.870

Residential density^e

64.2 (±30.2)

67.6 (±29.2)

−3.4

0.034

Land-use mix^f

0.82 (±0.1)

0.79 (±0.1)

0.02

<0.001

Shops and services^b

4.4 (±4.5)

5.4 (±5.0)

−1.0

<0.001