Total | Lower level maternal depressive symptoms2 | Elevated maternal depressive symptoms3 | P-value4 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 295 | n = 204 | n = 91 | |||
Sociodemographic characteristics | |||||
Child age, months | 70.83 ± 8.32 | 70.60 ± 8.09 | 71.33 ± 8.84 | NS | |
Child sex male | 152 (52) | 104 (50.98) | 48 (53) | NS | |
Number of older siblings | 0.92 ± 1.01 | 0.90 ± 0.99 | 0.95 ± 1.06 | NS | |
Maternal age, n = 294 | 30.99 ± 7.03 | 31.02 ± 6.87 | 30.93 ± 7.41 | NS | |
Maternal BMI, n = 293 | 33.08 ± 9.36 | 32.60 ± 9.07 | 34.16 ± 9.95 | NS | |
Maternal education ≤ high school | 141 (48) | 90 (44.12) | 51 (56) | NS | |
Mother Hispanic/non-white | 95 (32) | 66 (32.35) | 29 (32) | NS | |
Mother single parent | 132 (45) | 88 (43.14) | 44 (48) | NS | |
Feeding practices | |||||
Questionnaires | |||||
Perceived responsibility | 4.45 ± 0.65 | 4.46 ± 0.66 | 4.43 ± 0.65 | NS | |
Pressure to eat | 2.72 ± 1.07 | 2.61 ± 1.04 | 2.97 ± 1.11 | <.01 | |
Restriction, n = 294 | 3.31 ± 0.92 | 3.24 ± 0.94 | 3.48 ± 0.86 | <.05 | |
Monitoring | 4.01 ± 1.03 | 3.99 ± 1.06 | 4.05 ± 0.99 | NS | |
Demandingness | 2.55 ± 0.55 | 2.49 ± 0.52 | 2.67 ± 0.60 | <.01 | |
Concern about child weight | 1.72 ± 0.91 | 1.69 ± 0.95 | 1.80 ± 0.83 | NS | |
Perceived child weight | NS | ||||
Underweight | 54 (18) | 34 (17) | 20 (22) | ||
Normal | 203 (69) | 142 (70) | 61 (67) | ||
Overweight | 38 (13) | 28 (14) | 10 (11) | ||
Food Fussiness, n = 291 | 2.73 ± 0.77 | 2.70 ± 0.80 | 2.78 ± 0.67 | NS | |
Interviews, n = 293 | |||||
Authority | < .001 | ||||
Low | 70 (24) | 36 (18) | 34 (38) | ||
High | 223 (76) | 167 (82) | 56 (62) | ||
Confidence | NS | ||||
Not confident | 65 (22) | 40 (20) | 25 (28) | ||
Confident | 228 (78) | 163 (80) | 65 (72) | ||
Investment | NS | ||||
Removed | 61 (21) | 36 (18) | 25 (28) | ||
Mildly | 143 (49) | 101 (50) | 42 (47) | ||
Deeply | 89 (30) | 66 (33) | 23 (26) | ||
Home meal observations, n = 270 | |||||
Child always eats at table | 221 (82) | 158 (85) | 63 (75) | <.05 | |
TV always audible during meal | 76 (28) | 44 (24) | 32 (38) | <.05 | |
Mother always eats with child | 161 (60) | 121 (65) | 40 (48) | <.01 | |
Laboratory eating interactions, n = 228 | |||||
Encouragements | Familiar food | 4.46 ± 4.59 | 4.26 ± 4.30 | 4.84 ± 5.11 | NS |
Unfamiliar food | 6.96 ± 7.51 | 7.17 ± 7.34 | 6.56 ± 7.87 | NS | |
Discouragements | Familiar food | 1.96 ± 3.15 | 2.09 ± 3.39 | 1.69 ± 2.64 | NS |
Unfamiliar food | 1.24 ± 2.34 | 1.15 ± 2.22 | 1.40 ± 2.57 | NS |