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Table 3 Results of the (logistic) regression analyses for the associations of friend norm, friend modelling, parental norm, parental modelling and family rules with high soft drink intake, TV viewing, daily breakfast consumption and sport participation

From: Parents and friends both matter: simultaneous and interactive influences of parents and friends on European schoolchildren’s energy balance-related behaviours – the ENERGY cross-sectional study

 

Soft drink intake (> 200ml/day)

TV viewing (min/week)

Daily breakfast consumption

Sport participation (min/week)

 

ORa

95% CI

ba

95% CI

ORa

95% CI

ba

95% CI

Friend norm (If I <do specific behaviour> my friends think this is.....)

Bad- very bad

0.66

.523

.833

-80.3

-116.0

-44.6

0.50

0.31

0.80

n.c. b

  

Neither good nor bad

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Good - very good

1.67

1.50

1.86

97.0

75.7

118.4

44.0

29.7

58.4

Friend modelling (How often do your friends <specific behaviour>....)

Never -not often

0.54

0.44

0.67

-88.1

-146.2

-30.0

0.45

0.34

0.58

n.c.b

  

Sometimes

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Often - always

2.04

1.83

2.27

129.0

106.5

151.4

36.1

26.0

46.1

Parental norm (If I <do specific behaviour> my parents think this is.....)

Bad- very bad

0.51

0.46

0.58

Reference

0.32

0.16

0.65

n.c.b

  

Neither good nor bad

Reference

Reference

n.c.b

  

Good - very good

2.00

1.71

2.34

148.4

112.5

184.3

n.c.b

  

Parental modelling (how often do your parents <specific behaviour>....)

Never -not often

0.39

0.35

0.44

Reference

0.38

0.34

0.44

-25.1

-35.2

-15.0

Sometimes

Reference

Reference

Reference

Often - always

2.29

1.98

2.65

180.2

161.2

199.2

36.4

28.2

44.5

family rules (Do your parents have rules about….)

No

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Yes

0.60

0.54

0.66

-166.5

-185.5

-147.5

1.71

1.54

1.90

24.2

16.5

31.8

  1. aall models are adjusted for sex, age and country; Bold – significant at p < 0.05; b n.c – not calculated (due to very small group(s)).