Table 3 Summary of potential determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption among children and adolescents. Determinants included in at least three papers.
Determinant variable | Association/group with highest level of intake (Reference no.) | No association (Reference no.) |
|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic factors | ||
Gender | Girls: 19, 23, 24, 25, 27, 30, 36, 37, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 52, 53, 55, 63, 77, 85, 92, 100, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109 Boys: 17, 60, 110, 114 | 26, 28, 40, 57, 65, 67, 74, 77, 80, 82, 84, 90, 98, 99, 101, 103, 111, 112 |
Age/grade | Neg. assoc: 23, 24, 25, 36, 37, 40, 63, 80, 98, 113 Pos. assoc: 110, 111, 112 | 17, 66, 67, 77, 82, 85, 99, 101, 103 |
Socioeconomic position (some papers included several measurements and they may therefore be marked twice) | Pos. assoc: 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 25, 27, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 39, 40, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 60, 63, 66, 73, 80, 82, 85, 86, 98, 100, 104, 105, 108, 112 Neg. assoc: 20, 60, 84 | 18, 19, 20, 24, 28, 33, 34, 50, 55, 63, 66, 74, 80, 82, 99, 100, 103, 110, 111 |
Race/ethnicity | Assoc: 26, 28, 57, 60, 65, 77, 78, 80, 84, 85, 90, 92, 98, 100, 101 | 55, 63, 67, 74, 82, 99 |
Urbanisation | Rural: 20, 47, 114 | 19 |
Personal factors | ||
Preferences | Pos. assoc: 41, 42, 56, 63, 67, 73, 82, 86, 91, 109, 113 | - |
Nutritional knowledge | Pos. assoc: 26, 41, 42, 48, 75, 93 Neg. assoc: 82 | 91 |
Attitudes | Pos. assoc: 22, 79, 86 | - |
Intentions | Pos. assoc: 22, 79 | 41, 42 |
Self-efficacy | Pos. assoc: 22, 41, 42, 67, 75, 102 | 86, 91 |
Outcome expectations | Pos. assoc: 91 | 67, 73, 75, 82 |
Perceived barriers | Low barriers: 79 | 66, 82 |
Subjective norms (perception of others' attitude on own diet) | Pos. assoc: 43, 79, 82 | Â |
Family-related factors | ||
Parental intake | Pos. assoc: 22, 41, 45, 72, 75, 102, 109, 113 | 42 |
Home availability/accessibility | Pos. assoc: 41, 42, 64, 72, 73, 75, 86, 93, 102 | 41, 64 |
Family structure | Two-parent family: 35, 84, 99, 101 | 82 |
Family size | Â | 19, 110, 111 |
Frequency of family meals | Pos. assoc: 35, 70, 86, 87, 98 | 22 |
Parental style | Assoc: 38, 82, 101 | 22, 43, 102 |
Parental support for healthy eating/FV | Pos. assoc: 22, 86, 102 | - |
Friends-related factors | ||
Perceived friend intake | Pos. assoc: 22, 113 | 109 |
School-related factors | ||
Fruit and/or vegetable availability at school | Pos. assoc: 42, 73 | 24 |
Other foods: Vending machines | Neg. assoc: 76 | 31, 24 |
Other foods: À la carte program availability | Neg. assoc: 76 | - |
Other foods: Access to snack bar meals | Neg. assoc: 63, 65 | - |
Participating in school lunch programme | Pos. assoc: 35, 77, 84 | - |
Academic achievement | Pos. assoc: 35, 85 | 43 |
School type | Non-public schools: 89, 112 | 110, 111 |
Meal patterns/TV watching/eating fast food | ||
Meal frequency | Pos. assoc: 43 | 66, 86 |
Meal type | Pos. assoc: 55, 62, 71, 83, 88 | - |
Hours of TV watching | Neg. assoc: 36, 59, 81, 97 | - |
Eating fast food | Neg. assoc: 58, 68, 96 | 86 |