Environmental determinants of active travel in youth: A review and framework for future research

Table 2 Summary of associations between physical environmental characteristics and active travel behaviour

	Associations with active travel behaviour
Sample Age	Youth			Children			Adolescents
Direction of Association	Negative	None	Positive	Negative	None	Positive	Negative	None	Positive
Characteristics of the neighbourhood
Provision of facilities			[35]		[33, 34]		[25]F	[32, 34]M [36]F	[25]M [34]F
Personal safety			[35]		[33, 34, 40]	[38, 39]		[25, 36]F
Road safety				[34] M	[34]F	[33, 34, 40]		[36]F	[25]
Social interactions			[29]					[36]F	[25, 40, 41]
Facilities to assist active travel			[35, 42, 43]					[32, 36]
Urban form and street design			[29]		[45]	[32, 35]			[45]
Aesthetics			[35]				[36]
Characteristics of the destination and surroundings
Destination characteristics
School size		[42]		[47]
Characteristics of surroundings
Urban-rural status	[48]	[30]
Facilities assist active travel					[38]
Urban form						[38]
Visibility						[38]
Characteristics of the route
Length	[52]			[40, 49]			[51, 53]
Road safety			[54]			[38, 40, 50]
Urban form & topography				[40]	[40]		[40]	[51]	[51]

Numbers given are reference numbers.
Effects which are specific to different gender groups are noted separately; M male; F females.
The same study may occur twice within a topic if different measures are used and show different associations.

ISSN: 1479-5868