A comparison of direct versus self-report measures for assessing physical activity in adults: a systematic review

Prince, Stéphanie A; Adamo, Kristi B; Hamel, Meghan E; Hardt, Jill; Gorber, Sarah Connor; Tremblay, Mark

doi:10.1186/1479-5868-5-56

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

Table 2 Study and participant characteristics for studies with directly comparable data

From: A comparison of direct versus self-report measures for assessing physical activity in adults: a systematic review

First Author – Year	Age Range or Mean (SD)	N_analyzed			Population	Direct Measure	Indirect Measure	Units	Testing Conditions*
		Total	Men	Women
Adams 2003 A	40–65	80	0	80	Disease free	Accel	7-day PAR – Light	kcal/kg/day	A
Adams 2003 B						Accel	7-day PAR – MPA
Adams 2003 C						Accel	7-day PAR – VPA
Adams 2005 A	40–65	80	0	80	Disease free	DLW	7-day PAR 1	kcal/kg/day	C
Adams 2005 B						DLW	7-day PAR 2
Adams 2005 C						DLW	24-hr PAR
Ainsworth 1993 A	23–59	75	27	48	White collar workers	Accel	7-day PAR	average MET	NS
Ainsworth 1993 B						Accel	Tecumseh
Ainsworth 1993 C						Accel	PAR
Ainsworth 2000	20–60	50	0	50	Females	Accel	KPAS	MET-min/day	A
Atienza 2005	60.3 (9.1)	15	0	15	Filipino American	Accel	3-day PAD	min/3-day	A
Barnard 2002	22–59	15	8	7	Healthy volunteers	DLW	MAQ	MJ	NS
Bassett 2000	25–70	96	48	48	General population	Ped	CAQ	kcal/week	D
Bernstein 1998	35–69	41	18	23	General population	HRM	PAFQ	kcal/day	C
Bonnefoy 2001	66–82	19	19	0	Elderly	DLW	QAPSE	kcal/day	A
Boulay 1994 A	21 (5)	15	15	0	X-Country skiers	HRM	3-day PAD	MJ/day	C
Boulay 1994 B	22 (1)				Controls	HRM
Buchowski 1999 A	20–50	115	45	70	Volunteers – Normal	Indirect cal.	PAD ≤ 2.4 METS	min/day	A
Buchowski 1999 B						Indirect cal.	PAD 2.5–4.4 METS
Buchowski 1999 C						Indirect cal.	PAD ≥ 4.5 METS
Buchowski 1999 D					Volunteers – Exercise	Indirect cal.	PAD ≤ 2.4 METS
Buchowski 1999 E						Indirect cal.	PAD 2.5–4.4 METS
Buchowski 1999 F						Indirect cal.	PAD ≥ 4.5 METS
Clark 1994 A	37.3 (3.6)	14	0	14	Large eaters	DLW	PAD	MJ/day	C
Clark 1994 B	39.7 (2.0)				Small eaters	DLW
Conway 2002 A	42 (2.3)	24	24	0	Feeding study	DLW	Minnesota	MJ/day	C
Conway 2002 B						DLW	Tecumseh
Conway 2002 AA	41.2 (2.0)	24	24	0	Feeding study	DLW	PAR	MJ/day	C
Conway 2002 BB						DLW	Stanford
Davis 2004 A	19–69	62	24	38	Obese	Accel	YPAS	kcal/day	NS
Davis 2004 B						Accel		kcal/kg/day
Davis 2004 C					Normal weight	Accel		kcal/day
Davis 2004 D						Accel		kcal/kg/day
Ekelund 2006 A	20–69	185	87	98	Swedish adults	Accel	IPAQ – MPA	min/day	A
Ekelund 2006 B						Accel	IPAQ – VPA
Fogelholm 1998	29–46	20	0	20	Overwgt premenopause	HRM	PAD	min/day	A
Friedenreich 2006 A	35–65	154	75	79	Healthy Canadians	Accel	PAQ	MET-hr/week	B
Friedenreich 2006 B						Accel	7-day PAR	MET-hr/week
Friedenreich 2006 C						Accel	PAQ	hr/week
Friedenreich 2006 D						Accel	7-day PAR	hr/week
Hagfors 2005	diet 58.8 (9.9), control 59.5 (8.1)	9	3	6	Rheumatoid Arthritis	DLW	3-day PAR	MJ/day	C
Hayden-Wade 2003 A	18–67	69	25	44	Active and sedentary	Accel	7-day PAR – MPA	min/week	A
Hayden-Wade 2003 B						Accel	7-day PAR – Hard
Hayden-Wade 2003 C						Accel	7-day PAR – Vhard
Iqbal 2006 A	26 (3.8)	50	0	50	Pakistani	Accel	MOSPA – LT	kcal/day	A
Iqbal 2006 B						Accel	MOSPA – ST
Irwin 2001 A	27–65	24	24	0	Adult men	DLW	7-day PAR	kcal/day	C
Irwin 2001 B						DLW	PAL
Jacobs Jr 1993 A	20–59	78	28	50		Accel	Minnesota	MET/min/day	NS
Jacobs Jr 1993 B						Accel	7-day PAR
Jacobs Jr 1993 C						Accel	CAQ
Jakicic 1998 A	25–50	50	0	50	Overwgt under reporters	Accel	PAR	min/week	A
Jakicic 1998 B					Overwgt over reporters	Accel	PAR
Johnson Kozlow 2006 A	35–77	96	0	96	Breast cancer	Accel	IPAQ	min/week	A
Johnson Kozlow 2006 B		63	0	63			7-day PAR
Johnson-Kozlow 2007	38–72	63	0	63	Breast cancer	Accel	WHIQ	min/week	A
Koulouri 2006 A	28.3 (6.0)	10			Healthy – baseline	Ped	PAD	KJ	A
Koulouri 2006 B					Healthy – intervention	Ped
Lasuzzo 2004	71.7 (8.2)	39	19	20	Seniors	Accel	Fullerton	MET-min/day	A
Leenders 1998 A	18–40	10	0	10	Healthy females	Accel, HRM, DLW	7-day PAR	kcal/day	A
Leenders 1998 B						Accel, DLW	PAEE	kcal/day
Leenders 2000	26 (6.6)	12	0	12	Healthy college	Accel, Ped	7-day PAR	kcal/kg/day	A
Leenders 2001	21–37	13	0	13	Healthy females	Accel, Ped, DLW	7-day PAR	kcal/day	A
Lemmer 2001 A	20–30	40	21	19	Younger males	Accel	PAQ	kJ/day	C
Lemmer 2001 B	65–75				Older males	Accel
Levin 1999 A	21–59	77	28	49	Healthy volunteers	Accel	4-week PAR	MET-min/day	C
Levin 1999 B							SAFE
Liu 2001	22–86	31			Elderly Chinese	Indirect cal.	PAQ	kcal	NS
Lof 2003 A	21–41	34	0	34	Healthy Swedish	Accel, HRM, DLW	PAQ – TEE	kJ/24-hour	A
Lof 2003 B						HRM	PAQ – PAEE
Lovejoy 2001 A	47.4 (0.2)	149	0	149	Premenopausal African	Accel	PAQ	kJ/day	D
Lovejoy 2001 B					Premenopausal White	Accel		kJ/day
Masse 1999	35–61	31	0	31	Volunteers	Accel	3-day PAD	kcal/day	A
Matthews 1995 A	26.7	25	14	11	University volunteers	Accel	3-day PAL	kcal/day	A
Matthews 1995 B							7-day PAR
Matthews 2005 A	46	69			Volunteers	Accel	24-hr PAR	min/day	C
Matthews 2005 B						Accel		min/wk
Matthews 2005 C						Accel	STAR Closed	min/day
Matthews 2005 D						Accel		min/wk
Matthews 2005 E						Accel	STAR Open	min/day
Matthews 2005 F						Accel		min/wk
McDermott 2000 A	67.2 (7.0)	41	19	22	Peripheral Arterial Disease	Accel	LTPAQ	kcal/week	A
McDermott 2000 B	66.1 (5.4)				Non-PAD	Accel
Meriwether 2006 A	20–61	63	10	58	Volunteers	Accel	PAAT	min/week	A
Meriwether 2006 B						Accel	IPAQ
Miller 2005 A	61.6 (7.2)	13			Diabetic/CABG intervention	Accel	7-day PAD	kcal/kg/day	D
Miller 2005 B					Diabetic/CABG control	Accel
Paton 1996	26–45	10	10	0	HIV positive	DLW	PAD	PA Level	A
Paul 2005	39 (9)	12	12	0	Non-smoking	DLW	7-day PAQ	MJ/day	A
Pitta 2005 A	61 (8)	13	10	3	COPD – Walking	Accel	1-day PAD	mins.	A
Pitta 2005 B					COPD – Cycling	Accel
Pitta 2005 C					COPD – Standing	Accel
Pitta 2005 D					COPD – Sitting	Accel
Pitta 2005 E					COPD – Lying	Accel
Racette 1995 A	21–47	14	0	14	Obese	HRM, DLW	7-day PAR	MJ/day	C
Racette 1995 B						HRM		kcal/day
Richardson 1994 A	20–59	78	28	50	Healthy	Accel	Minnesota	MET/min/day	C
Richardson 1994 B						Accel	4-week PAQ
Richardson 1994 C						Accel	48-hr PAL
Richardson 1995	20–59	78	28	50	Healthy	Accel	Baecke	MET/min/day	A
Richardson 2001	20–59	77	27	50	Healthy	Accel	Stanford 7-day PAR	MET/min/day	A
Rothenberg 1998	73	20	8	12	Healthy, free-living	HRM, DLW	PAD	MJ/day	C
Rutgers 1997 A	68–78	13	0	13	Elderly – individual calibration	HRM	PAQ	MJ/day	A
Rutgers 1997 B					Elderly – group calibration	HRM
Schmidt 2003 A	39–65	58	0	58	College – Freedson	Accel	PAL	min/day	A
Schmidt 2003 B					College – Hendelman	Accel
Schmidt 2003 C					College – Swartz	Accel
Schmidt 2006 A	18–47	54	0	54	Pregnant – Freedson	Accel	PPAQ	MET-min/day	C
Schmidt 2006 B					Pregnant – Hendelman	Accel
Schmidt 2006 C					Pregnant – Swartz	Accel
Schulz 1989 A	20–30	6	4	2	Healthy university	HRM – Proc 1	PAD – Procedure 5	MJ/day	A
Schulz 1989 B						HRM – Proc 2	PAD – Procedure 5
Schulz 1989 C						HRM – Proc 3	PAD – Procedure 5
Schulz 1989 D						HRM – Proc 4	PAD – Procedure 5
Schulz 1989 E						HRM – Proc 1	PAD – Procedure 6
Schulz 1989 F						HRM – Proc 2	PAD – Procedure 6
Schulz 1989 G						HRM – Proc 3	PAD – Procedure 6
Schulz 1989 H						HRM – Proc 4	PAD – Procedure 6
Schulz 1989 I						DLW	PAD – Procedure 5
Schulz 1989 J						DLW	PAD – Procedure 6
Seale 2002 A	67–82	27	14	13	Rural elderly	DLW	7-day PAR – PAWT	MJ/day	C
Seale 2002 B						DLW	7-day PAR – PABMR
Seale 2002 C						DLW	7-day PAR – PAREE
Sjostrom 2002 A	41 (10)	445	202	243	Swedish	Accel	IPAQ – MPA	min/day	A
Sjostrom 2002 B						Accel	IPAQ – VPA
Sobngwi 2001	19–68	89	44	45	Cameroonian	Accel	SSAAQ	MET-hr/day	C
Soundy 2005 A	52.9 (9.0)	9			Severe mental illness	Accel	PAQ – week 2	kcal/day	C
Soundy 2005 B						Accel	PAQ – week 6
Starling 1998	52–79	65	28	37	Older free-living	DLW	Minnesota	kcal/day	NS
Starling 1999 A	45–84	67	32	35	Older free-living	Accel, DLW	YPAS	kcal/day	NS
Starling 1999 B						Accel	Minnesota
Staten 2001 A	31–60	35	0	35	Sedentary	DLW	AAFQ (28-day)	kJ/day	NS
Staten 2001 B						DLW	AAFQ (7-day)
Stein 2003 A	30.6 (4.7)	56	0	56	Pregnant – active	Accel, HRM	PAL	kcal/day	A
Stein 2003 B	27.9 (5.4)				Pregnant – sedentary	Accel, HRM
Strath 2003 A	20–56	25	12	13	General population	Accel	CAQ – MPA	min/day	A
Strath 2003 B						Accel	CAQ – VPA
Strath 2003 C						Accel	CAQ – MPA+ VPA
Strath 2004	20–65	15	12	14	General population	Accel	CAQ (with HR)	MET-min/wk	NS
Taylor 1984 A	34–69	12	12	0	White males	Accel	Stanford	kcal/day	NS
Taylor 1984 B						Accel		kcal/kg/day
Taylor 1984 C						Accel	PAD	kcal/day
Taylor 1984 D						Accel		kcal/kg/day
Timperio 2003 A	M 37.8 (12.7),	122	55	63	Overweight	Accel	PAQ > 3 MET	min/day	A
Timperio 2003 B	F 39.6 (17.0)					Accel	PAQ 3–5.9 MET
Timperio 2003 C						Accel	PAQ > 6 MET
Timperio 2004 A	18–75	551	241	310	Free-living	Accel	AAS – Log	min/day	A
Timperio 2004 B						Accel	AAS – No log
Timperio 2004 C						Accel	IPAQ-S – Log
Timperio 2004 D						Accel	IPAQ-S – No log
Timperio 2004 E						Accel	IPAQ-L – Log
Timperio 2004 F						Accel	IPAQ-L – No log
Timperio 2004 G						Accel	BRFSS – Log
Timperio 2004 H						Accel	BRFSS – No log
Tzetzis 2001	19–21	75	33	42	Novice skiers	HRM	PAQ	time/task	B
Wadsworth 2006 A	18–24	71	0	71	College – controls	Accel	IPAQ – MPA	min/day	A
Wadsworth 2006 B					College – controls	Accel	IPAQ – VPA
Wadsworth 2006 C					College – intervention	Accel	IPAQ – MPA
Wadsworth 2006 D					College – intervention	Accel	IPAQ – VPA
Walsh 2004 A	20–46	75	0	75	Overweight White	DLW	Tecumseh	kcal/day	NS
Walsh 2004 B					Overweight Black	DLW
Walsh 2004 C					Control White	DLW
Walsh 2004 D					Control Black	DLW
Washburn 2003	18–33	46	17	29	Sedentary mod obese	DLW	PAR	kJ/day	C
Wendel-Vos 2003 A	44 (6)	50	36	14	Healthy bank workers	Accel	PAQ 2–4 MET	MET	D
Wendel-Vos 2003 B						Accel	PAQ 4–6.5 MET
Wendel-Vos 2003 C						Accel	PAQ 6.5+ MET
Wickel 2006	18–23	70	13	57	University	Accel	PAD	kcal/day	A
Wilbur 2001 A	45–65	156	0	156	Healthy employees	HRM	PAQ	min/walk	A
Wilbur 2001 B						HRM	PAL

* A – measuring same length of time (e.g. 7-days, 1 week) and no time lag, B – same length with time lag, C – different length with no time lag, D – different length with a time lag, NS – not stated
Abbreviations: AAFQ – Arizona Activity Frequency Questionnaire, AAS – Active Australia Survey, Accel. – accelerometer, BRFSS – Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, Cal. – calorimetry, CABG – Coronary Artery Bypass Graft, CAQ – College Alumnus Questionnaire, COPD – chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, DLW – doubly labeled water, F – female, Fullerton – Fullerton Physical Activity Questionnaire, HRM – heart rate monitor, IPAQ – International Physical Activity Questionnaire, kcal – kilocalorie, kJ – kilojoules, KPAS – Kaiser Physical Activity Survey, LTPAQ – Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire, M – male, MAQ – Modifiable Activity Questionnaire, MET – metabolic equivalent, MJ – mega joules, min – minute, Minnesota – Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire, MOSPA – Monica Optional Study of Physical Activity questionnaire, MPS – moderate physical activity, PAAT – Physical Activity Assessment Tool, PAD – physical activity diary, PAEE – physical activity energy expenditure, PAFQ – Physical Activity Frequency Questionnaire, PAL – physical activity log, PAQ – physical activity questionnaire, PAR – physical activity recall, Ped. – pedometer, SAFE – Survey of Activity, Fitness, and Exercise, SSAAQ – Sub-Saharan Africa Activity Questionnaire, Stanford – Stanford Physical Activity Questionnaire, STAR – Short Telephone-administered Activity Recall, Tecumseh – Tecumseh Community Health Survey, TEE – total energy expenditure, Vhard – very hard, VPA – vigorous physical activity, WHIQ – Women's Health Initiative Questionnaire, wk – week, YPAS – Yale Physical Activity Survey

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ISSN: 1479-5868

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