Table 4 Pooled odds ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals for participation levels for specific demographic determinants

sex

(female:male)

20

1.67

[1.25–2.27]

age

(middle:young)

8

0.93

[0.71–1.24]

age

(old:young)

8

0.76

[0.54–1.06]

education

(moderate/high:low)

6

1.04

[0.77–1.40]

income

(high:low)

2

0.86

[0.56–1.31]

ethnicity

(white:other)

9

1.33

[0.91–1.95]

marital status

(married:other)

5

1.25

[1.05–1.48]