Table 4 Measurement model of the full NEWS-CS and NEWS-CS including items common to the original NEWS-A
| Â | NEWS-CS | NEWS-A | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | SL (SU) | Factor | SL (SU) | Factor |
Shops are within walking distance | 0.66 (0.56) | Access to services | 0.67 (0.55) | Access to services |
Shopping accessible via public transport | 0.69 (0.53) | " | NA (NA) | NA |
Many places within walking distance | 0.79 (0.37) | " | 0.83 (0.31) | Access to services |
Easy to walk to transit stop | 0.60 (0.64) | " | 0.54 (0.71) | " |
Hilly streets | 0.72 (0.48) | Physical barriers to walking | 0.73 (0.47) | Physical barriers to walking |
Major barriers (e.g., roadwork, freeways) | 0.59 (0.65) | " | 0.63 (0.60) | " |
Many dead ends | 0.38 (0.85) | " | 0.38 (0.85) | " |
Short distance between intersections | 0.99 (0.02) | Street connectivity | 0.99 (0.02) | Street connectivity |
Many alternative routes | 0.79 (0.38) | " | 0.79 (0.38) | " |
Sidewalks | 0.43 (0.81) | Infrastructure for walking | 0.39 (0.85) | Infrastructure for walking |
Streets lit at night | 0.41 (0.83) | " | 0.41 (0.83) | " |
Crosswalks and pedestrian signals to help walkers cross busy streets | 0.36 (0.87) | " | 0.32 (0.90) | " |
Many covered sidewalks | 0.41 (0.83) | Indoor places for walking | NA (NA) | NA |
Indoor, air-conditioned places for walking | 0.55 (0.70) | " | NA (NA) | NA |
Trees | 0.82 (0.33) | Aesthetics | 0.79 (0.38) | Aesthetics |
Many interesting things to look at | 0.41 (0.83) | " | 0.42 (0.83) | " |
Many attractive natural sights | 0.54 (0.71) | " | 0.56 (0.69) | " |
Attractive buildings/homes | 0.46 (0.79) | " | 0.48 (0.77) | " |
Walkers can be seen | 0.57 (0.68) | Presence of people | 0.32 (0.90) | Infrastructure for walking |
Difficult to ask for help because not many people around | -0.83 (0.32) | " | NA (NA) | NA |
Crowded streets | 0.56 (0.68) | Crowdedness | NA (NA) | NA |
'Hawkers' and shops on streets blocking the way | 0.44 (0.81) | " | NA (NA) | NA |
Motor vehicles parked on sidewalks | 0.50 (0.75) | Traffic and road hazards | NA (NA) | NA |
Streets and sidewalks slippery | 0.38 (0.86) | " | NA (NA) | NA |
Air pollution (e.g., exhaust fumes) | 0.61 (0.63) | " | NA (NA) | NA |
Heavy traffic along nearby streets | 0.60 (0.64) | " | 0.30 (0.91) | Traffic load |
Parked vehicles block vision | 0.51 (0.74) | " | NA (NA) | NA |
Afraid to cross road because too many passing cars | 0.58 (0.66) | " | NA (NA) | NA |
Slow traffic speed on streets | -0.49 (0.77) | Traffic speed | -0.58 (0.66) | Traffic load |
Speeding drivers | 0.99 (0.02) | " | 0.80 (0.36) | " |
Objects dropping from high-rise buildings | 0.53 (0.72) | Social disorder/littering | NA (NA) | NA |
Animal droppings | 0.51 (0.74) | " | NA (NA) | NA |
Many homeless people, drug addicts, prostitutes | 0.45 (0.80) | " | NA (NA) | NA |
High crime rate | 0.60 (0.64) | Crime | 0.60 (0.64) | Crime |
Unsafe to walk during the day | 0.60 (0.64) | " | 0.60 (0.64) | " |
Unsafe to walk at night | 0.83 (0.32) | " | 0.84 (0.71) | " |
Fence separating sidewalk and traffic | - (1.00) | Single item | - (1.00) | Single item |
Bridge/overpass connecting to services | - (1.00) | " | NA (NA) | NA |
Easy access of residential entrance | - (1.00) | " | NA (NA) | NA |
Sitting facilities | - (1.00) | " | NA (NA) | NA |