Table 1 Summary of associations between built environmental attributes and physical activity among all studies (cross-sectional and quasi-experiments)
| N total (studies) |
Recreation walking | Transportation walking | General walking |
General cycling | Combined walk/cycle | Moderate to vigorous PA* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neighborhood characteristics | |||||||
| Street/pedestrian connectivity | 5 | o[48] | +[48] | o[57]/+[58] | +[47] | -[33] | |
| Land use mix | 6 | o[45] | +[45] | +[44, 45] | +[45] | +[51, 60] | o[59]/+[54] |
| Recreation land use proximity | 7 | o[45] | o[45] | o[44] | +[45] | o[60]/-[51] | o[59]/+[34, 54]/-[34] |
| Non-recreational land use proximity | 10 | o[45, 48] | +[45]/-[45, 46, 48] | o[44]/-[58] | o[45] | o[47, 51, 60] | o[54, 59] |
| Transit proximity/access | 5 | o[39]/+[58] | +[47] | o[39, 42]/+[37] | |||
| Population/residential density | 6 | +[35]/-[35] | +[35] | +[57] | o[47] | o[33, 34, 59] | |
| Employment/job density | 5 | o[57]/+[58] | o[47] | o[59]/-[33] | |||
| Aesthetics/variety/diversity | 2 | o[48] | o[48] | -[34] | |||
| Trails/pathways/cycle ways/sidewalk | 5 |
o[31]/+[43] /-[40, 41] |
o[31, 41, 47]/ +[28, 43]/-[40] |
o[40]/+[43] /-[41] | |||
| Parks/public open space install or improvements | 2 | +[31] | o[31] | o[38] | |||
| Pedestrian/cyclist amenities (street furniture, lighting, shading) | 3 | o[48] | o[48] | +[30] | o[59] | ||
| Traffic-related | 2 | o[48] | +[48] | o[31] | o[31] | ||
| Aggregated neighborhood characteristics | |||||||
| Walkability/pedestrian index | 4 | o[29, 55]/+[50] | +[29, 50, 55] | +[57] | o[52] | +[55] | |
| Neighborhood type (traditional, New urbanist) | 5 | +[53] | +[53] | +[32, 56] | +[49, 51] | ||
| Sprawl | 1 | o[36] | o[36] |