Table 4 Summary of relationships between GIS-measured environmental factors and AST
From: GIS measured environmental correlates of active school transport: A systematic review of 14 studies
| Individual | Trip | School | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Environmental variables | -ve | +ve | Null | -ve | +ve | Null | -ve | +ve | Null |
| Distance | |||||||||
| Distance to school | [17]a,b [18]j [21, 23]c,d [26–28]a,b,h,i [29]d,m | [18]k [29]c | [25]c,d | ||||||
| Distance to central business district | [25]c,d,e,f | ||||||||
| Density | |||||||||
| Residential density | [16, 18]k [23]d,e | [18]j [23]c,e,f, [23]d,f [26, 29]c,d | [20] | ||||||
| Residential index | [18]j,k | ||||||||
| Employment density | [18]j,k [29]c,d | [24]c | [25]c,e,h [25]d,e,f,n | [24]d [25]c,f,n [25]c,d,e,f,o | |||||
| Building density | [29]d,l | [27]a,b,e [29]c | |||||||
| School density | [24]d | [24]c | |||||||
| Density of school- or work-related trips | [25]c,d,e,f | ||||||||
| Vehicle density | [29]d,l | [29]c | |||||||
| Diversity | |||||||||
| Mixed land use | [23]c,d,f [29]c,l | [16, 18]j,k [23]c,d,e [27]a,b,e,g [29]d | |||||||
| Commercial floor area ratio | [19]a,b | ||||||||
| Design-connectivity-intersections | |||||||||
| Intersection density | [17]a [29]c,g,m | [16, 17]b [18]j,k [23]c,d,e,f [27]a,b,e [29]c,d,e [29]d,g | [25]c,d,e,f | [20] | |||||
| Percent of each way intersections | [18]j,k | ||||||||
| Connected node ratio | [27]a,b,e | ||||||||
| Cul-de-sac density | [17]a | [17]b | |||||||
| Design-connectivity-route directness | |||||||||
| Route directness | [28]i [27]a,b | [17]a,b [28]h | |||||||
| Design-connectivity-streets | |||||||||
| Block/road density | [27]a,b,e | [29]c,d | [25]d,e | [19]a,b [25]c,d,f [25]c,e | |||||
| Average block size | [29]c,m [29]d,l | [18]j,k | |||||||
| Length of motorway | [26] | ||||||||
| Length of main street | [26] | ||||||||
| Length of side street | [26] | ||||||||
| Proportion of primary roads | [27]a,b,e | ||||||||
| Vehicle lane width | [25]c,d | ||||||||
| Design-Pedestrian-sidewalk and bike lanes | |||||||||
| Sidewalk length | [23]c,d,e,f | ||||||||
| Sidewalk width | [29]c,d | [19]a,b | |||||||
| Sidewalk density | [29]c,m | [27]a,b,e [29]d | [19]a | [19]b | |||||
| Bike lane density | [19]a,b | ||||||||
| Street spatial design | |||||||||
| Rail roads crossing | [17]a,b,g | ||||||||
| Motorway crossing | [26]g | ||||||||
| Major roads crossing | [17]a,b,g | ||||||||
| Main street crossing | [26]g | ||||||||
| Side street crossing | [26]g | ||||||||
| Busy road crossing | [28]g,h,i | ||||||||
| Busy/main road along the route | [27]a,b | [28]h,i | |||||||
| Main road outside child's home | [27]a,b,e | ||||||||
| Proportion of primary roads | [27]a,b,g | ||||||||
| Walkability index | |||||||||
| Individual walkability index | [16] | ||||||||
| Neighbourhood walkability index | [16] | ||||||||
| Effective walkable area | [27]a,b,e | ||||||||
| Topography | |||||||||
| Greenery | [23]c,e | [23]c,f [23]d,e,f [29]c,d | [19]a,b | ||||||
| Steep incline | [28]h [29]d,m | [26, 28]i [29]c | |||||||
| Geographic regions | [22]* | ||||||||
| Urbanisation | [21, 22] | [27]a,b,e,q | [24]c,d | ||||||
| Safety | |||||||||
| Density of traffic accidents | [27]a,b,q,e | ||||||||
| Streetlight density | [27]a,b,e,g | ||||||||
| Demographic-socioeconomic factors (income, employment) | |||||||||
| Area-level SES | [28]h,i | ||||||||
| Neighbourhood income | [23]d,f |
[16] [23]c,e,f [23]d,e | [25]c,d,e,f | [24]c,d | |||||
| Socioeconomic deprivation | [27]a,b,e | ||||||||
| Percent of residents on public assistance | [18]j,k | ||||||||
| Percent of residents living below poverty line | [18]j,k | ||||||||
| Percent of residents unemployed | [18]j,k | ||||||||
| Demographic-education | |||||||||
| Educational attainment at neighbourhood level | [23]c,d,e,f | ||||||||
| Demographic-housing | |||||||||
| Percent of residents living in owner-occupied housing | [18]j,k | ||||||||
| Percent of residents living in the same house since 1995 | [18]j,k | ||||||||
| Percent of residents living in female headed households | [18]j,k | ||||||||
| Demographic-ethnicity | |||||||||
| Percent of residents born aboard | [18]j,k | ||||||||
| Percent of residents being Black | [18]j,k | ||||||||
| Demographic-parenthood | |||||||||
| Single parenthood at neighbourhood level | [23]c,d,e,f | ||||||||
| Interactions | |||||||||
| Neighbourhood walkability × income | [16] | ||||||||
| Neighbourhood walkability × parental concern | [16] | ||||||||
| Distance to school × community | [26]# | ||||||||
| Distance to central business district × block density | [25]c,d,e,## | ||||||||