Sports participation, perceived neighborhood safety, and individual cognitions: how do they interact?

Table 3 Multilevel multivariable logistic regression models with OR and 95% CI for sports participation.

	Model 1^a		Model 2^a
Variables	OR^b	95% CI	OR^b	95% CI
Perceived neighborhood safety
Safety high (safe)	1.00		1.00
Safety medium	0.90	0.74-1.09	0.90	0.74-1.09
Safety low (unsafe)	0.60 **	0.43-0.84	0.57 ***	0.42-0.77
Individual cognitions
Attitude (1-5)^c	1.60 ***	1.27-2.01	2.00 *** ^d	1.48-2.71
Self-efficacy (1-5)^c	1.25 ***	1.13-1.39	1.19 ** ^d	1.05-1.36
Social influence (1-3)^c	1.24 **	1.07-1.43	1.25 **	1.08-1.44
Intention (1-5)^c	1.51 ***	1.35-1.68	1.51 ***	1.35-1.69
Interactions
*Safety attitude**
Safety high * attitude			1.00^e
Safety medium * attitude			0.69^e	0.44-1.07
Safety low * attitude			0.33 *** ^e	0.17-0.63
*Safety self-efficacy**
Safety high * self-efficacy			1.00^e
Safety medium * self-efficacy			1.03^e	0.79-1.33
Safety low * self-efficacy			1.55 * ^e	1.07-2.24

a. Models were adjusted for age, sex, educational level and country of origin
b. * = p < .050, ** = p < .010, *** = p < .001
c. The individual cognitions were centered around it's mean for analytical and interpretational purposes.
d. The OR of attitude and self-efficacy in model 2 represent the ORs of these two variables in a neighborhood perceived as safe (the reference category).
e. The parameters of the interaction terms should be interpreted as multiplicative factors. E.g.: to obtain the OR for self-efficacy for people who perceive their neighborhood as unsafe, one has to multiply the OR for the relevant interaction term (OR = 1.55) with the OR of self-efficacy (OR = 1.19). The calculated ORs for attitude and self-efficacy for each of the safety categories can be found in figure 1. More information on the interpretation of these parameters can be found in the method section.

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