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Table 2 Outcomes for subjects who completed the immediate intervention phase and the control phase, and between-group differences

From: Effects of a 6-month multimodal training intervention on retention of functional fitness in older adults: A randomized-controlled cross-over design

Group 1 (Immediate intervention phase) (n=48)

Group 2 (Control phase) (n=58)

Between-group

Outcome and Values

Baseline

MTI

Change

Baseline

Rep. Base

Change

difference

 

Mean (SE)

Mean (SE)

Diff in means (95% CI)

Means (SE)

Means (SE)

Diff in means (95% CI)

Diff in means (95% CI)

Physical performance

       

SPPB (points)

10.1 (0.2)

10.7 (0.2)

0.6 (0.2 to 0.9)***

9.8 (0.2)

10.1 (0.2)

0.3 (0.0 to 0.6)

0.6 (0.1 to 1.0)*

Balance (points)

3.4 (0.1)

3.4 (0.1)

0.1 (-0.2 to 0.3)

3.2 (0.1)

3.2 (0.1)

0.1 (-0.2 to 0.3)

0.2 (-0.1 to 0.5)

Walk (seconds)

3.7 (0.1)

3.3 (0.1)

-0.3 (-0.5 to -0.2)***

3.6 (0.1)

3.4 (0.1)

-0.2 (-0.3 to -0.1)**

-0.1 (-0.2 to 0.1)

Chair (seconds)

12.7 (0.3)

11.0 (0.3)

-1.7 (-2.2 to -1.2)***

13.3 (0.3)

12.8 (0.3)

-0.5 (-1.0 to -0.1)*

-1.8 (-2.7 to -0.8)***

8 foot up-and-go (seconds)

6.3 (0.2)

5.7 (0.2)

-0.6 (-0.9 to -0.3)***

6.6 (0.2)

6.7 (0.2)

0.1 (-0.2 to 0.4)

-1.0 (-1.5 to -0.6)***

Strength performance

       

Knee extension (Newton)

338.8 (9.3)

367.3 (9.7)

28.5 (15.3 to 41.7)***

326.2 (9.1)

312.3 (9.2)

-13.9 (-26.0 to -1.9)*

55.0 (28.4 to 81.7)***

Hand grip (Newton)

323.1 (8.6)

334.4 (8.8)

11.3 (1.4 to 21.2)*

339.0 (8.4)

343.1 (8.5)

4.1 (-4.8 to 13.1)

-8.8 (-33.1 to 15.6)

Endurance performance

       

Six min walking (meter)

457.0 (9.6)

491.1 (9.8)

34.2 (23.3 to 45.0)***

449.7 (9.3)

447.0 (9.4)

-2.7 (-12.5 to 7.1)

44.2 (17.1 to 71.2)**

Physical activity (cpm)

272.9 (16.9)

307.1 (15.7)

34.2 (0.8 to 67.6)*

247.0 (16.1)

211.7 (15.0)

-35.2 (-66.2 to -4.3)*

125.9 (96.0 to M155.8)***

BMI (kg/m2)

27.7 (0.6)

27.3 (0.6)

-0.5 (-0.7 to -0.3)***

27.0 (0.6)

26.9 (0.6)

-0.2 (-0.4 to 0.0)

0.4 (-1.2 to 2.0)

Icelandic quality of life (points)

55.8 (0.7)

56.6 (0.7)

0.7 (-0.2 to 1.7)

55.3 (0.7)

54.6 (0.7)

-0.6 (-1.5 to 0.3)

1.9 (-0.1 to 3.9)

  1. Values are shown as means with standard error (SE) at following time points: baseline and MTI by Group 1 and baseline and repeated baseline by Group 2, 95% confidence interval in means (95% CI) comparing changes between groups, and significant differences; * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001.
  2. MTI = Multimodal Training Intervention.
  3. Rep. Base = Repeat Baseline.
  4. SE = Standard error.
  5. SPPB = Short physical performance battery.
  6. cpm = Average counts per minute.
  7. BMI = Body mass index.