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Table 4 Associations between country-level environmental characteristics and physical activity, stratified by sex

From: The influence of the macro-environment on physical activity: a multilevel analysis of 38 countries worldwide

Environmental factor

Type of activity

OR 95% CI

  

Men

Women

  

Model 0

Model 1

Model 2

Model 0

Model 1

Model 2

Temperature

Vigorous

1.01

0.98-1.04

0.98

0.95-1.01

0.97

0.94-1.00

1.01

0.97-1.04

0.98

0.95-1.02

0.96

0.93-0.99

 

Moderate

0.99

0.97-1.02

0.99

0.96-1.02

0.97

0.94-0.99

1.00

0.97-1.04

1.00

0.96-1.03

0.98

0.94-1.01

 

Walking

0.97

0.94-1.00

0.97

0.94-1.00

0.95

0.92-0.98

0.93

0.90-0.97

0.94

0.90-0.97

0.92

0.89-0.96

Motor vehicle density

Vigorous

0.88

0.76-1.02

1.02

0.87-1.19

†

†

0.82

0.70-0.95

0.94

0.80-1.10

1.28

0.95-1.72

 

Moderate

0.89

0.78-1.02

0.92

0.80-1.05

1.15

0.89-1.50

0.90

0.75-1.07

0.93

0.78-1.11

1.28

0.88-1.85

 

Walking

0.98

0.84-1.15

0.99

0.85-1.16

1.17

0.87-1.58

1.15

0.95-1.40

1.16

0.96-1.40

1.45

1.03-2.04

Rural population

Vigorous

1.08

1.03-1.13

1.03

0.98-1.09

1.05

0.97-1.15

1.11

1.05-1.16

1.06

1.00-1.11

1.06

0.97-1.14

 

Moderate

1.06

1.02-1.11

1.05

1.01-1.10

1.05

0.98-1.12

1.08

1.02-1.14

1.06

1.00-1.13

1.07

0.97-1.18

 

Walking

1.01

0.96-1.07

1.01

0.95-1.07

0.99

0.91-1.07

0.97

0.90-1.04

0.97

0.90-1.04

0.98

0.89-1.07

GDP

Vigorous

0.78

0.67-0.92

0.93

0.78-1.11

0.85

0.70-1.04

0.70

0.60-0.83

0.84

0.70-1.00

0.76

0.63-0.91

 

Moderate

0.80

0.69-0.94

0.83

0.71-0.97

0.76

0.65-0.89

0.80

0.65-0.98

0.84

0.68-1.03

0.79

0.63-0.98

 

Walking

0.89

0.74-1.07

0.91

0.76-1.09

0.79

0.66-0.94

1.01

0.80-1.28

1.03

0.82-1.30

0.84

0.68-1.03

Governance indicator

Vigorous

0.79

0.59-1.08

0.99

0.72-1.36

1.21

0.77-1.92

0.69

0.49-0.95

0.85

0.61-1.16

1.16

0.75-1.80

 

Moderate

0.76

0.57-1.01

0.79

0.60-1.04

1.08

0.74-1.57

0.77

0.53-1.11

0.81

0.56-1.16

1.07

0.63-1.84

 

Walking

0.77

0.56-1.06

0.80

0.58-1.09

0.84

0.55-1.29

0.91

0.61-1.38

0.93

0.62-1.40

0.83

0.50-1.39

Literacy rate

Vigorous

0.97

0.91-1.02

1.02

0.97-1.09

†

†

0.94

0.88-0.99

0.99

0.93-1.05

1.02

0.94-1.09

 

Moderate

0.98

0.93-1.03

0.99

0.94-1.04

1.02

0.96-1.09

0.98

0.91-1.05

0.99

0.93-1.06

1.04

0.95-1.14

 

Walking

0.99

0.94-1.05

1.00

0.94-1.06

0.98

0.91-1.05

1.05

0.97-1.13

1.05

0.97-1.13

0.99

0.91-1.09

SIGI

Vigorous

0.96

0.75-1.22

1.08

0.85-1.39

1.10

0.85-1.44

0.86

0.66-1.12

0.99

0.77-1.27

1.05

0.81-1.35

 

Moderate

0.99

0.79-1.25

1.01

0.81-1.27

1.07

0.86-1.33

1.04

0.77-1.39

1.08

0.81-1.44

1.20

0.88-1.62

 

Walking

1.10

0.85-1.41

1.11

0.86-1.42

1.09

0.85-1.39

1.39

1.02-1.88

1.38

1.02-1.85

1.25

0.94-1.66

  1. Model 0 corrects only for age, Model 1 corrects for age, educational attainment and occupational class and Model 2 corrects for age, educational attainment and occupational class on the individual level and average yearly temperature and GDP on the country-level (except in the model where these were included as determinant).
  2. †: Model could not be fitted, due to lack of convergence.
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International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

ISSN: 1479-5868

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