Area-level characteristic | % Engaged in active transportation | Bivariate model | Multivariate model 2 |
---|---|---|---|
RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | ||
School Characteristics | |||
Bicycle storage available in a safe location | |||
  No | 68.3 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Yes | 61.1 | 0.89 (0.74 - 1.01) | 0.94 (0.77 - 1.09) |
Has walk/bike to school days and/or walking school bus programs | |||
  No | 64.3 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Yes | 58.8 | 0.90 (0.77 - 1.02) | 0.91 (0.74 - 1.06) |
Identification of safe walking/biking routes to school | |||
  No | 64.4 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Yes | 60.1 | 0.93 (0.80 - 1.05) | 0.95 (0.79 - 1.09) |
Neighborhood Characteristics | |||
Sidewalk leading to school | |||
  No | 57.1 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Yes | 62.8 | 1.11 (0.79 - 1.37) | 1.10 (0.74 - 1.39) |
% of roads with sidewalks | |||
  1 (1.45 - 47.20) | 58.1 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  2 (47.21 - 64.30) | 58.3 | 1.06 (0.87 - 1.23) | 1.11 (0.87 - 1.32) |
  3 (64.31 - 84.49) | 64.2 | 1.12 (0.93 - 1.27) | 1.14 (0.88 - 1.35) |
  4 (84.50 – 100) | 70.4 | 1.16 (0.97 - 1.32) | 1.03 (0.76 - 1.27) |
  P trend |  | 0.071 | 0.86 |
Speed limit of school’s road (km/h) | |||
  ≤40 | 59.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  50 | 62.3 | 1.15 (0.92 - 1.34) | 1.27 (0.90 - 1.50) |
  ≥60 | 69.6 | 1.23 (0.94 - 1.43) | 1.32 (0.96 - 1.53) |
  P trend |  | 0.12 | 0.13 |
% of roads with speed limit ≤60 km/h | |||
  1 (<90) | 60.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  2 (90 – 93.99) | 65.1 | 1.10 (0.89 - 1.27) | 1.06 (0.82 - 1.27) |
  3 (94 – 99.99) | 60.1 | 1.06 (0.85 - 1.24) | 1.08 (0.84 - 1.29) |
  4 (100) | 63.8 | 1.03 (0.83 - 1.21) | 1.05 (0.81 - 1.25) |
  P trend |  | 0.94 | 0.78 |
Total length of roads (km) | |||
  1 (10.7 – 29.2) | 55.6 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  2 (29.3 – 37.0) | 60.8 | 1.10 (0.92 - 1.27) | 0.99 (0.72 - 1.25) |
  3 (37.1 – 41.7) | 60.8 | 1.16 (0.97 - 1.33) | 1.10 (0.79 - 1.37) |
  4 (41.71 – 73.7) | 73.7 | 1.32 (1.15 - 1.46) | 1.27 (0.94 - 1.52) |
  P trend |  | 0.0005 | 0.070 |
Street connectivity | |||
  1 (lowest connectivity) | 55.8 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  2 | 66.0 | 1.20 (1.02 - 1.36) | 1.07 (0.81 - 1.30) |
  3 | 60.7 | 1.16 (0.97 - 1.32) | 0.96 (0.65 - 1.25) |
  4 (highest connectivity) | 70.2 | 1.24 (1.06 - 1.39) | 0.91 (0.56 - 1.25) |
  P trend |  | 0.020 | 0.45 |
Litter in neighborhood | |||
  No problem | 62.1 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Minor problem | 61.6 | 1.03 (0.89 - 1.15) | 1.05 (0.88 - 1.19) |
  Moderate problem | 62.9 | 0.99 (0.77 - 1.18) | 1.11 (0.82 - 1.33) |
  Major problem | 91.8 | 1.48 (1.24 - 1.57) | 1.48 (1.17 - 1.58) |
  P trend |  | 0.13 | 0.055 |
Vacant or shabby housing | |||
  No problem | 62.7 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Minor problem | 59.7 | 0.98 (0.81 - 1.13) | 0.91 (0.71 - 1.10) |
  Moderate problem | 72.4 | 1.07 (0.81 - 1.28) | 0.76 (0.44 - 1.09) |
  Major problem | 60.7 | 1.07 (0.59 - 1.40) | 0.73 (0.23 - 1.29) |
  P trend |  | 0.70 | 0.11 |
Neighborhood SES (median family income, $CAD) | |||
  1 (32 984 – 56 979) | 66.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  2 (56 980 – 67 400) | 66.1 | 1.01 (0.85 - 1.15) | 0.97 (0.75 - 1.16) |
  3 (67 400 – 80 300) | 60.7 | 0.94 (0.77 - 1.10) | 1.02 (0.80 - 1.19) |
  4 (80 301 – 108 010) | 58.9 | 0.88 (0.72 - 1.04) | 0.95 (0.69 - 1.16) |
  P trend |  | 0.086 | 0.77 |
Average temperature (°C) | |||
  1 (−4.45 – 2.75) | 62.4 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  2 (2.76 – 4.40) | 58.9 | 1.00 (0.82 - 1.16) | 0.71 (0.34 - 1.13) |
  3 (4.41 – 7.40) | 59.5 | 1.00 (0.83 - 1.16) | 0.79 (0.30 - 1.30) |
  4 (7.41 – 10.60) | 68.3 | 1.04 (0.87 - 1.19) | 0.88 (0.27 - 1.42) |
  P trend |  | 0.64 | 0.95 |
Average annual rain (mm) | |||
  1 (326 – 615) | 61.7 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  2 (616 – 1335) | 62.1 | 1.02 (0.84 - 1.18) | 0.93 (0.59 - 1.23) |
  3 (1336 – 1700) | 66.3 | 1.01 (0.84 - 1.16) | 1.25 (0.79 - 1.50) |
  4 (1701 – 3360) | 60.6 | 1.02 (0.85 - 1.18) | 1.27 (0.82 - 1.50) |
  P trend |  | 0.82 | 0.33 |
Average annual snow (cm) | |||
  1 (87 – 200) | 68.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  2 (201 – 240) | 70.0 | 1.04 (0.89 - 1.16) | 1.10 (0.87 - 1.26) |
  3 (241 – 310) | 51.7 | 0.85 (0.69 - 0.99) | 0.88 (0.59 - 1.13) |
  4 (311 – 690) | 61.8 | 0.94 (0.79 - 1.07) | 0.84 (0.46 - 1.17) |
  P trend |  | 0.11 | 0.19 |
Average annual number of hot days | |||
  1 (0 – 0.63) | 56.4 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  2 (0.64 – 4.65) | 63.5 | 1.13 (0.94 - 1.30) | 1.19 (0.84 - 1.46) |
  3 (4.66 – 10.50) | 67.8 | 1.12 (0.92 - 1.28) | 1.07 (0.70 - 1.39) |
  4 (10.51 – 26.00) | 65.4 | 1.14 (0.95 - 1.31) | 1.15 (0.74 - 1.46) |
  P trend |  | 0.16 | 0.69 |
Average annual number of cold days | |||
  1 (0 – 4.5) | 63.3 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  2 (4.6 – 26.0) | 60.9 | 0.99 (0.82 - 1.14) | 1.17 (0.75 - 1.42) |
  3 (26.1 – 50) | 64.9 | 1.03 (0.86 - 1.18) | 1.17 (0.62 - 1.46) |
  4 (50.1 – 110.5) | 61.5 | 0.96 (0.78 - 1.13) | 1.14 (0.45 - 1.49) |
  P trend |  | 0.87 | 0.69 |