|
Individual and Family Characteristics (Individual-level)
|
|
Gender
|
|
Male
|
1.00
|
|
Female
|
0.86 (0.80 - 0.91)
|
|
Family structure, living with:
|
|
Both mother and father
|
1.00
|
|
One parent and one step-parent
|
1.10 (1.00 - 1.19)
|
|
Single parent
|
1.07 (0.99 - 1.14)
|
|
Other
|
1.10 (0.94 - 1.24)
|
|
Family SES
|
|
Very well off
|
1.00
|
|
Well off
|
1.08 (1.00 - 1.16)
|
|
Average
|
1.16 (1.08 - 1.24)
|
|
Not very well off
|
1.14 (1.01 - 1.26)
|
|
Not at all well off
|
1.00 (0.80 - 1.19)
|
|
P trend
|
0.0041
|
|
Number of cars in household
|
|
0
|
1.00
|
|
1
|
0.94 (0.82 - 1.04)
|
|
2+
|
0.87 (0.74 - 0.97)
|
|
P trend
|
0.0003
|
|
Residential neighborhood is safe for children
|
|
Strongly agree
|
1.00
|
|
Agree
|
1.00 (0.94 - 1.07)
|
|
Neither agree nor disagree
|
0.95 (0.86 - 1.03)
|
|
Disagree
|
0.83 (0.70 - 0.95)
|
|
Strongly disagree
|
0.95 (0.76 - 1.11)
|
|
P trend
|
0.019
|
|
School Characteristics (Area-Level)
|
|
Has walk/bike to school days and/or walking school bus programs
|
|
No
|
1.00
|
|
Yes
|
0.89 (0.74 - 1.03)
|
|
Neighborhood Characteristics (Area-Level)
|
|
% of roads with sidewalks
|
|
1 (1.45 - 47.20)
|
1.00
|
|
2 (47.21 - 64.30)
|
1.11 (0.90 - 1.30)
|
|
3 (64.31 - 84.49)
|
1.17 (0.96 - 1.34)
|
|
4 (84.50 – 100)
|
1.09 (0.87 - 1.28)
|
|
P trend
|
0.35
|
|
Speed limit of school’s road (km/h)
|
|
≤40
|
1.00
|
|
50
|
1.22 (0.92 - 1.43)
|
|
≥60
|
1.26 (0.96 - 1.47)
|
|
P trend
|
0.13
|
|
Total length of roads (km)
|
|
1 (10.7 – 29.2)
|
1.00
|
|
2 (29.3 – 37.0)
|
1.00 (0.76 - 1.22)
|
|
3 (37.1 – 41.7)
|
1.08 (0.85 - 1.29)
|
|
4 (41.71 – 73.7)
|
1.23 (1.00 - 1.42)
|
|
P trend
|
0.031
|
|
Litter in neighborhood
|
|
No problem
|
1.00
|
|
Minor problem
|
1.05 (0.89 - 1.18)
|
|
Moderate problem
|
1.09 (0.83 - 1.29)
|
|
Major problem
|
1.47 (1.16 - 1.57)
|
|
P trend
|
0.061
|
|
Vacant or shabby housing
|
|
No problem
|
1.00
|
|
Minor problem
|
0.95 (0.77 - 1.11)
|
|
Moderate problem
|
0.83 (0.52 - 1.13)
|
|
Major problem
|
0.76 (0.29 - 1.26)
|
|
P trend
|
0.19
|
|
Average temperature (°C)
|
|
1 (−4.45 – 2.75)
|
1.00
|
|
2 (2.76 – 4.40)
|
0.77 (0.54 - 1.00)
|
|
3 (4.41 – 7.40)
|
0.76 (0.46 - 1.08)
|
|
4 (7.41 – 10.60)
|
0.87 (0.53 - 1.19)
|
|
P trend
|
0.71
|
|
Average annual rain (mm)
|
|
1 (326 – 615)
|
1.00
|
|
2 (616 – 1335)
|
0.94 (0.68 - 1.18)
|
|
3 (1336 – 1700)
|
1.16 (0.76 - 1.42)
|
|
4 (1701 – 3360)
|
1.25 (0.91 - 1.45)
|
|
P trend
|
0.20
|
|
Average number of hot days
|
|
1 (0 – 0.63)
|
1.00
|
|
2 (0.64 – 4.65)
|
1.24 (0.95 - 1.46)
|
|
3 (4.66 – 10.50)
|
1.18 (0.90 - 1.41)
|
|
4 (10.51 – 26.00)
|
1.33 (1.05 - 1.53)
|
|
P trend
|
0.057
|
