Table 5 Final multivariate model of the relationships of characteristics of the individual and family, school, and neighborhood with active transportation to school (N = 3 997)
Characteristic | Multivariate model 3 |
|---|---|
RR (95% CI) | |
Individual and Family Characteristics (Individual-level) | |
Gender | |
  Male | 1.00 |
  Female | 0.86 (0.80 - 0.91) |
Family structure, living with: | |
  Both mother and father | 1.00 |
  One parent and one step-parent | 1.10 (1.00 - 1.19) |
  Single parent | 1.07 (0.99 - 1.14) |
  Other | 1.10 (0.94 - 1.24) |
Family SES | |
  Very well off | 1.00 |
  Well off | 1.08 (1.00 - 1.16) |
  Average | 1.16 (1.08 - 1.24) |
  Not very well off | 1.14 (1.01 - 1.26) |
  Not at all well off | 1.00 (0.80 - 1.19) |
  P trend | 0.0041 |
Number of cars in household | |
  0 | 1.00 |
  1 | 0.94 (0.82 - 1.04) |
  2+ | 0.87 (0.74 - 0.97) |
  P trend | 0.0003 |
Residential neighborhood is safe for children | |
  Strongly agree | 1.00 |
  Agree | 1.00 (0.94 - 1.07) |
  Neither agree nor disagree | 0.95 (0.86 - 1.03) |
  Disagree | 0.83 (0.70 - 0.95) |
  Strongly disagree | 0.95 (0.76 - 1.11) |
  P trend | 0.019 |
School Characteristics (Area-Level) | |
Has walk/bike to school days and/or walking school bus programs | |
  No | 1.00 |
  Yes | 0.89 (0.74 - 1.03) |
Neighborhood Characteristics (Area-Level) | |
% of roads with sidewalks | |
  1 (1.45 - 47.20) | 1.00 |
  2 (47.21 - 64.30) | 1.11 (0.90 - 1.30) |
  3 (64.31 - 84.49) | 1.17 (0.96 - 1.34) |
  4 (84.50 – 100) | 1.09 (0.87 - 1.28) |
  P trend | 0.35 |
Speed limit of school’s road (km/h) | |
  ≤40 | 1.00 |
  50 | 1.22 (0.92 - 1.43) |
  ≥60 | 1.26 (0.96 - 1.47) |
  P trend | 0.13 |
Total length of roads (km) | |
  1 (10.7 – 29.2) | 1.00 |
  2 (29.3 – 37.0) | 1.00 (0.76 - 1.22) |
  3 (37.1 – 41.7) | 1.08 (0.85 - 1.29) |
  4 (41.71 – 73.7) | 1.23 (1.00 - 1.42) |
  P trend | 0.031 |
Litter in neighborhood | |
  No problem | 1.00 |
  Minor problem | 1.05 (0.89 - 1.18) |
  Moderate problem | 1.09 (0.83 - 1.29) |
  Major problem | 1.47 (1.16 - 1.57) |
  P trend | 0.061 |
Vacant or shabby housing | |
  No problem | 1.00 |
  Minor problem | 0.95 (0.77 - 1.11) |
  Moderate problem | 0.83 (0.52 - 1.13) |
  Major problem | 0.76 (0.29 - 1.26) |
  P trend | 0.19 |
Average temperature (°C) | |
  1 (−4.45 – 2.75) | 1.00 |
  2 (2.76 – 4.40) | 0.77 (0.54 - 1.00) |
  3 (4.41 – 7.40) | 0.76 (0.46 - 1.08) |
  4 (7.41 – 10.60) | 0.87 (0.53 - 1.19) |
  P trend | 0.71 |
Average annual rain (mm) | |
  1 (326 – 615) | 1.00 |
  2 (616 – 1335) | 0.94 (0.68 - 1.18) |
  3 (1336 – 1700) | 1.16 (0.76 - 1.42) |
  4 (1701 – 3360) | 1.25 (0.91 - 1.45) |
  P trend | 0.20 |
Average number of hot days | |
  1 (0 – 0.63) | 1.00 |
  2 (0.64 – 4.65) | 1.24 (0.95 - 1.46) |
  3 (4.66 – 10.50) | 1.18 (0.90 - 1.41) |
  4 (10.51 – 26.00) | 1.33 (1.05 - 1.53) |
  P trend | 0.057 |