Table 3 Associations with school factors in partially adjusted multilevel linear regression models predicting changes in percentage of sedentary, moderate and vigorous physical activity (PA) during travel time (8–9, 15-16h)
Exposure variables | Percentage prevalence/mean (SD) | Sedentary (% change) | Moderate (% change) | Vigorous (% change) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
β Coefficient (95% CI) | β Coefficient (95% CI) | β Coefficient (95% CI) | ||
School characteristics | ||||
Location town fringe (y/n [reference: urban])a | 34.4% | −1.05 (−2.34 – 0.23) | 0.59 (−0.23 – 1.41) | 0.10 (−0.27 – 0.47) |
Location village/hamlet dwelling (y/n [reference: urban])a | 27.5% | 1.84 (0.62 – 3.07)++ | −1.62 (−2.39 - -0.85)+++ | −0.50 (−0.86 - -0.15)++ |
Number of year 4 children in 2006 a | 54.41 (34.29) | −0.04 (−0.05 – -0.02)+++ | 0.03 (0.02 – 0.04)+++ | 0.01 (0.00 – 0.01)++ |
Participation in healthy school program (y/n)a | 36.1% | 0.11 (−1.17 – 1.39) | 0.05 (−0.76 – 0.86) | 0.11 (−0.24 – 0.47) |
School policy | ||||
Existence of …travel plan (y/n)b | 87.1% | 0.50 (−1.44 – 2.45) | 0.31 (−0.90 – 1.53) | 0.49 (−0.06 – 1.04) |
…walking bus (y/n)b | 1.8% | 0.60 (−3.65 – 4.84) | 0.06 (−2.57 – 2.70) | −0.41 (−1.62– 0.79) |
…park and stride (y/n)b | 16.1% | 0.54 (−1.06 – 2.14) | −0.52 (−1.52 – 0.48) | −0.11 (−0.57 – 0.34) |
… breakfast club (y/n)b | 35.8% | −0.33 (−1.59 – 0.93) | 0.36 (−0.44 – 1.15) | 0.18 (−0.17 – 0.54) |
… lollypop person (y/n)b | 49.3% | −1.74 (−2.91 – -0.57)++ | 1.40 (0.67 – 2.12)+++ | 0.37 (0.03 – 0.70)+ |
Provide …physical activity information (y/n)b | 87.4% | −0.36 (−2.29 – 1.56) | 0.30 (−0.91 – 1.51) | 0.06 (−0.48 – 0.60) |
…health promotion information (y/n)b | 78.3% | 0.83 (−0.65 – 2.32) | −0.13 (−1.08 – 0.82) | 0.16 (−0.27 – 0.58) |
…risks of unhealthy lifestyle information (y/n)b | 72.1% | −0.39 (−1.77 – 0.98) | 0.33 (−0.53 – 1.19) | 0.15 (−0.24 – 0.53) |
… cycle training (y/n)b | 93.7% | −0.89 (−3.27 – 1.48) | 0.95 (−0.52 – 2.41) | 0.04 (−0.63 – 0.70) |
… pedestrian training (y/n)b | 34.4% | 1.34 (0.15 – 2.54)+ | −1.28 (−2.02 – -0.54)++ | −0.21 (−0.56 – 0.14) |
Extracurricular PA available before school (y/n)b | 10.4% | −0.37 (−2.46 – 1.72) | 0.66 (−0.65 – 1.97) | 0.25 (−0.33 – 0.82) |
Extracurricular PA available weekends (y/n)b | 33.8% | −1.77 (−3.03 – -0.51)++ | 1.14 (0.34 – 1.94)++ | 0.21 (−0.16 – 0.58) |
School grounds | ||||
Existence of a bike rack (y/n)b | 88.3% | −1.12 (−2.99 – 0.74) | 0.97 (−0.19 – 2.13) | −0.05 (−0.58 – 0.48) |
Existence of an entrance for pedestrians/cyclists only (y/n)b | 70.0% | 0.27 (−1.08 – 1.61) | −0.11 (−0.94 – 0.72) | 0.02 (−0.36 – 0.41) |
Playground area (km2)b | 11.82 (7.38) | −0.08 (−0.16 – 0.00) | 0.05 (−0.00 – 0.10) | 0.01 (−0.02 – 0.03) |
School ground score (min: 1, max: 10)c | 9.14 (0.80) | −0.18 (−0.96 – 0.60) | 0.08 (−0.41 – 0.57) | −0.10 (−0.32 – 0.13) |
Walking access score (max: 5)c | 2.24 (0.74) | −0.49 (−1.30 – 0.33) | 0.44 (−0.07 – 0.96) | 0.26 (0.04 – 0.48)+ |
Cycling access score (max: 9)c | 3.70 (1.25) | −0.60 (−1.06 – -0.14)+ | 0.48 (0.19 – 0.76)++ | 0.11 (−0.02 – 0.25) |
Aesthetics score (min: 3, max: 28)c | 21.54 (2.24) | 0.14 (−0.13 – 0.41) | −0.12 (−0.29 – 0.05) | −0.02 (−0.10 – 0.06) |
School neighbourhood | ||||
Existence of …heavy traffic (y/n)b | 27.2% | −1.19 (−2.40 – 0.02) | 0.76 (−0.00 – 1.52) | 0.26 (−0.09 – 0.60) |
…pathways near school (y/n)b | 84.4% | −1.06 (−2.65 – 0.54) | 0.89 (−0.11 – 1.89) | −0.04 (−0.50 – 0.42) |
…safe places to cross roads (y/n)b | 34.6% | −1.76 (−3.01 – -0.52)++ | 1.33 (0.53 – 2.12)++ | 0.66 (0.32 – 1.00)+++ |
Cars drive slowly (y/n)b | 18.6% | 1.48 (−0.01 – 2.98) | −0.70 (−1.64 – 0.24) | 0.07 (−0.37 – 0.50) |
Streets are safe to walk or ride (y/n)b | 30.4% | 0.58 (−0.73 – 1.89) | −0.37 (−1.20 – 0.45) | 0.11 (−0.27 – 0.48) |
Streets are free from rubbish (y/n)b | 69.8% | 0.88 (−0.46 – 2.22) | −0.53 (−1.39 – 0.32) | −0.26 (−0.63 – 0.12) |
Easy to get to school by foot (y/n)b | 77.5% | −1.30 (−2.70 – 0.10) | 0.70 (−0.20 – 1.59) | 0.20 (−0.20 – 0.60) |
Number of PA facilities per km2 d | 2.69 (2.84) | −0.19 (−0.39 – 0.02) | 0.17 (0.04 – 0.30)++ | 0.05 (−0.01 – 0.11) |
Percentage of accessible land d | 1.90 (5.33) | 0.00 (−0.10 – 0.11) | −0.01 (−0.07 – 0.06) | 0.00 (−0.03 – 0.03) |
Number of traffic accidents per km of road d | 1.88 (1.76) | −0.30 (−0.63 – 0.02) | 0.31 (0.10 – 0.51)++ | 0.11 (0.02 – 0.20)+ |
Proportion of roads that are A roads d | 0.06 (0.08) | −6.27 (−13.63 – 1.08) | 3.02 (−1.69 – 7.73) | 1.44 (−0.63 – 3.51) |
m2 verge per m of road d | 1.85 (0.93) | 0.31 (−0.31 – 0.94) | −0.42 (−0.81 – -0.03)+ | −0.19 (−0.36 – -0.02)+ |
Effective walkable area ratio d | 0.52 (0.13) | 3.67 (−1.01 – 8.35) | −2.30 (−5.25 – 0.66) | −0.41 (−1.74 – 0.92) |
Connected node ratio d | 0.71 (0.09) | 7.83 (1.49 – 14.18)+ | −4.23 (−8.32 – -0.13)+ | −0.01 (−1.88 – 1.86) |
Herfindahl-hirschman index d | 2.72 (1.08) | 0.56 (0.04 – 1.08)+ | −0.38 (−0.70 – -0.05)+ | −0.20 (−0.35 – -0.06)++ |