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Table 2 Association between neighborhood characteristics and outdoor play: multivariate analyses a

From: Outdoor play among children in relation to neighborhood characteristics: a cross-sectional neighborhood observation study

 

Possible range

Age 4–6 years b

Age 7–9 years

Age 10–12 years b

  

Boys (n = 637)

Girls (n = 611)

Boys (n = 692)

Girls (n = 665)

Boys (n = 520)

Girls (n = 526)

Confounders

Age (years)

3-13 b

-

-

-

-

-

-

Parental education level

1-8

-

-

0.95 (0.93-0.98)

0.94 (0.91-0.97)

0.94 (0.92-0.96)

0.96 (0.93-1.00)

Buildings

Residential density

198-368 c

-

-

-

-

-

-

Land use mix

0-100%

-

-

-

-

-

-

Presence of unoccupied houses

0-4

-

-

-

-

-

-

Maintenance of houses

1-3

-

-

-

-

0.88 (0.83-0.93)

 

Outdoor play facilities

Number of formal outdoor play facilities per km2

1.99 – 51.85 c

-

-

0.99 (0.99-1.00)

0.99 (0.98-0.99)

0.99 (0.99-1.00)

0.99 (0.98-1.00)

Quality of formal outdoor play facilities

0.00-1.00

-

-

-

-

-

-

Public space

Presence of green space

0-3

-

-

-

-

-

-

Quality of green space

0.00-1.00

-

-

-

-

-

-

Presence of water

0-3

-

-

-

-

-

-

Quality of water

0.00-1.00

-

-

-

-

-

-

Street pattern

Presence of sidewalks

0-3

1.44 (1.16-1.18)

1.66 (1.39-1.99)

-

-

-

1.45 (1.05-2.01)

Quality of sidewalks

0.00-1.00

-

-

-

-

-

-

Presence of bike lanes

0-3

-

-

-

-

-

-

Quality of bike lanes

0.25-1.00

-

-

-

-

-

-

Traffic safety

Presence of pedestrian crossings without traffic lights

0-3

-

1.14 (1.01-1.28)

1.20 (1.11-1.29)

-

-

-

Presence of pedestrian crossings with traffic lights

0-3

1.13 (1.08-1.19)

-

 

0.79 (0.67-0.92)

-

-

Presence of traffic lights

0-3

-

-

-

1.48 (1.28-1.72)

-

-

Presence of refuges / safety islands

0-3

-

-

0.89 (0.85-0.93)

-

0.96 (0.93-1.00)

-

Presence of parallel parking places

0-3

-

-

-

-

1.17 (1.07-1.28)

-

Presence of parking lots (grouped)

0-3

-

-

1.28 (1.18-1.38)

-

-

-

Presence of speed bumps

0-3

-

-

1.25 (1.13-1.37)

-

-

-

Presence of home zones

0-3

1.06 (1.02-1.11)

-

-

-

-

-

Presence of 30 km/ hour zones

0-3

-

-

0.82 (0.76-0.89)

-

0.91 (0.86-0.97)

-

Presence of roundabouts

0-3

1.14 (1.07-1.22)

-

1.15 (1.06-1.24)

1.12 (1.01-1.25)

1.10 (1.04-1.16)

-

Presence of intersections

0-3

0.82 (0.74-0.91)

0.78 (0.66-0.91)

0.81 (0.73-0.90)

0.78 (0.69-0.88)

0.87 (0.79-0.97)

-

Traffic volume and speed

0-18

-

-

-

-

-

-

Social environment

Presence of dog walking area

0-1

-

-

-

-

-

-

Presence of litter basket for dog waste

0-1

-

-

-

-

-

-

Presence of graffiti

0-3

-

-

-

-

-

-

Presence of vandalism

0-3

-

-

-

-

-

-

Presence of street lighting

0-1

0.78 (0.97-0.86)

-

-

-

-

-

Presence of dark spaces

0-3

-

-

-

-

-

-

General impression

General impression

1-10

-

-

-

-

-

-

  1. a Values are relative rates (95% confidence intervals). Only significant associations are shown (p-value < 0.05), if the confidence interval contains the value 1.00, this was due to rounding off.
  2. b In The Netherlands, children aged 4–12 years are educated at the same primary school. In the current study sample, two children in the lowest age groups were aged 3 years and 8 children in the highest age groups were aged 13 years. These children were included in the lowest (4–6 years) and highest (10–12 years) age groups, respectively.
  3. c For the variables residential density and number of outdoor play facilities per km2, the actual range instead of the possible range is shown.
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International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

ISSN: 1479-5868

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