Table 5 Studies and effect sizes for parental modeling and boys' physical activity moderated by parental gender (k = 49)

Aarnio et al. (1997) [87] Finland

N = 3254

CS

Parent self-report

Child self-report

Boys’ PA (n = 1120) & fathers’ PA: r = .012, p < .01

.02

1557 m, 1697 f

.70*

.70*

Boys’ PA (n = 1146) & mothers’ PA: r = .100, p < .01

.14

16.0 yrs

Anderssen & Wold (1992) [88] Norway

N = 904

CS

Child report

Child self-report

Boys’ PA & fathers’ PA: r = .17, p < .001

.23

498 m, 406 f

.70*

.78

Boys’ PA & mothers’ PA: r = .11, p < .01

.15

13.3 yrs

Anderssen et al. (2006) [89] Norway

N = 380

PRO (8 yrs)

Parent self-report

Child self-report

Boys’ PA & fathers’ PA: β = .10

.13

191 m, 189 f

.70*

.83

Boys’ PA & mothers’ PA: β = .11

.14

13.3 yrs at baseline

Bastos et al. (2008) [90] Brazil

N = 857

CS

Child report

Child self-report

Boys’ PA & fathers’ PA: r = −.02

-.03

411 m, 446 f

.70*

.70*

Boys’ & mothers’ PA: r = .08

.11

Age range: 10–19 yrs

Campbell et al. (2001) [92] Canada

N = 153

PRO (12 yrs)

Parent self-report

Child self-report

Boys’ MVPA & fathers’ PA: r = .05

.05

77 m, 76 f

.97

.91

Boys’ MVPA & mothers’ PA: r = .03

.03

13.5 yrs at baseline

Deflandre et al. (2001) [95] France

N = 80

CS

Child report

Child self-report

Boys’ MVPA & fathers’ PA: r = .56

.80

36 m, 44 f

.70*

.70*

Boys’ MVPA & mothers’ PA: r = .30

.43

Age range: 11–16 yrs

Deflandre et al. (2001) [96] France

N = 48

CS

Child report

Heart rate monitor (7 d)

Boys’ MVPA & fathers’ PA: r = −.11

-.16

26 m, 22 f

.70*

.70*

Boys’ MVPA & mothers’ PA: r = −.01

-.01

17.0 yrs

Eriksson et al. (2008) [97] Sweden

N = 1124

CS

Baeke Questionnaire

Child self-report

Boys’ PA (sports) & fathers’ PA: crude OR = 3.2, 95% CI 1.5-6.6

.61

553 m, 571 f

.70*

.70*

Boys’ PA (sports) & mothers’ PA: crude OR = 2.5, 95% CI 1.4-4.5

.49

12.0 yrs

crude OR = 3.0, 95% CI 1.4-4.5

Fogelholm et al. (1999) [98] Finland

N = 271

CS

Parent self-report

Child self-report

Boys’ VPA & fathers’ PA: r = .08

.11

143 m, 128 f

.70*

.70*

Boys’ VPA & mothers’ PA: r = .20, p < .01

.29

9.6 yrs

Fuemmeler et al. (2011) [99] USA

N = 45

CS

Accelerometer (3 d)

Accelerometer (3 d)

Boys’ MVPA (weekend) & fathers’ PA: r = .43, p < .05

.65

23 m, 22 f

.70*

.70*

Boys’ MVPA (weekday) & fathers’ PA: r = .38; r = .55, p < .01

.15

9.9 yrs

Mean r = .453

Boys’ MVPA (weekend) & mothers’ PA: r = .10

Boys’ MVPA (weekday) & mothers’ PA: r = .09; r = .13

Mean r = .107

Jacobi et al. (2011) [101] France

N = 630

CS

Parent self-report

Pedometer (7 d)

Boys’ PA & mothers’ PA: r = .18

.26

317 m, 313 f

MAQ

.70*

Age range 8–18 yrs

Pedometer (7 d)

.70*

Jago et al. (2014) [102] UK

N = 822

CS

Accelerometer (5 d)

Accelerometer (5 d)

Boys’ MVPA & fathers’ MVPA: β = .10

.14

436 m, 386 f

.70*

.70*

Boys’ MVPA & mothers’ MVPA: β = .06

.09

6.0 yrs

Kahn et al. (2008) [103] USA

N = 12812

PRO (1 yr)

Parent self-report

Child self-report

Boys’ MVPA & mothers’ PA: β = .085, p < .0001

.12

5575 m, 7237 f

.70*

.70*

Age range: 10–18 yrs

Martin-Matillas et al. (2011) [105] Spain

N = 2260

CS

Child report

Child self-report

Boys’ PA & fathers’ PA: OR = 1.99, 95% CI 1.40-2.84, p < .001

.38

1157 m, 1103 f

Health Behaviour in School Children

.70*

.09

Age range; 13–18.5 yrs

.70*

Boys’ PA & mothers’ PA: OR = 1.18, 95% CI .85-1.65, p > .05

Moore et al. (1991) [52] USA

N = 100

CS

Accelerometer (7–9 d)

Accelerometer (8–9 d)

Boys’ PA & fathers’ PA: OR = 3.1, 95% CI 1.1-9.3

.52

63 m, 37 f

80*

.80*

Boys’ PA & mothers’ PA: OR = 2.0, 95% CI .7-5.7

.33

Age range: 4–7 yrs

O’Loughlin et al. (1999) [107] Canada

N = 1920

CS

Child report .70*

Child self-report

Boys’ PA (sports) & fathers’ PA: OR = 2.0, 95% CI 1.4-2.9

.38

989 m, 931 f

Weekly Activity Checklist

Age range: 9–13 yrs

Self-reported sports participation

.70*

Pahkala et al. (2007) [109] Finland

N = 558

CS

Parent self-report

Child self-report

Boys’ PA & fathers’ PA: r = .07, p = .28

.10

294 m, 264 f

.70*

.70*

Boys’ PA & mothers’ PA: r = .10, p = .13

.14

13.0 yrs

Raudsepp (2006) [110] Estonia

N = 329

CS

Parent self-report

Child self-report

Boys’ MVPA & fathers’ explicit modeling: r = .38, p < .001

.54

168 m, 161 f

Father’s modeling .72

7DPAR

Boys’ MVPA & mothers’ explicit modeling: r = .35, p < .01

.50

13.8 yrs

Mother’s modeling .71

.70*

Shropshire & Carroll (1997) [111] UK

N = 924

CS

Child report

Child self-report

Boys’ PA & fathers’ PA: r = .19

.27

468 m, 454 f

.70*

.70*

Boys’ PA & mothers’ PA: r = .11

.16

Age range: 10–11 yrs

Siegel et al. (2011) [112] Mexico

N = 1004

CS

Child report

Child self-report PAQ

Boys’ MVPA (9–10 yrs) & fathers’ PA: β = .239, p < .05

.34

490 m, 514 f

.70*

α = .72

Boys’ MVPA (9–10 yrs) & mothers’ PA: β = .160, p < .05

.23

Age range: 9–18 yr olds

Sigmund et al. (2008) [113] Czech Republic

N = 192

CS

Parent report

Child report

Boys’ MPA & fathers’ PA: r = .39, p < .001

.34

109 m, 89 f

IPAQ

IPAQ

Boys’ VPA & fathers’ PA: r = .08

.34

Age range: 8–13 yrs

.70*

.70*

Mean r = .24

Boys’ MPA & mothers’ PA: r = .30

Boys’ VPA & mothers’ PA: r = .17

Mean r = .24

Toftegaard-Stockel et al. (2011) [114] Denmark

N = 6356

CS

Child report

Child self-report

Boys’ PA (sports) & fathers’ PA: r = .19

.27

3190 m, 3166 f

.70*

.70*

Boys’ PA (sports) & mothers’ PA: r = .06

.09

Age range: 12–16 yrs

Trost et al. (1997) [115] USA

N = 202

PRO (1 yr)

Child report

Child report

Boys’ MVPA & fathers’ PA: r = .05

.06

92 m, 110 f

.70*

PDPAR

Boys’ MVPA & mothers’ PA: r = −.07

-.08

10-11 yrs at baseline

.98

Trost et al. (1999) [116] USA

N = 198

CS

Child report

Accelerometer (7 d)

Boys’ VPA & fathers’ PA: r = .15

.24

95 m, 103 f

.70*

.80*

Boys’ MPA & fathers’ PA: r = .21, p < .05

.24

11.4 yrs

Mean r = .18

Boys’ VPA & mothers’ PA: r = .21, p < .05

Boys’ MPA & mothers’ PA: r = .14

Mean r = .18

Wagner et al. (2004) [117] France

N = 2852

CS

Parent self-report

Child self-report

Boys’ structured PA & fathers’ PA: OR = 1.36, 95% CI .97-1.91

.37

1421 m, 1431 f

.70*

MAQ-A

Boys’ structured PA & mothers’ PA: OR = 1.48, 95% CI 1.01-2.14

.17

12 yrs

.70*

Yang et al. (1996) [118] Finland

N = 635

PRO (12 yrs)

Child report

Child self-report

Boys’ PA (cohort 1) & fathers’ PA: r = .21

.27

316 m, 319 f

.70*

.70*

Boys’ PA (cohort 2) & fathers’ PA: r = .17

.10

9 yrs at baseline

Boys’ PA (cohort 3) & fathers’ PA: r = .18

N = 648

Mean r = .19

321 m, 327 f

Boys’ PA (cohort 1) & mothers’ PA: r = .08

12 yrs at baseline

Boys’ PA (cohort 2) & mothers’ PA: r = .06

Boys’ PA (cohort 3) & mothers’ PA: r = .08

N = 598

Mean r = .07

286 m, 312 f

15 yrs at baseline