Table 3 Methodological quality and risk of bias assessment

Francis et al. (2010) [40]

√

√

√

x

x

√

x

√

√

√

7

Auld et al. (1998) [43]

√

x

√

x

x

√

x

√

√

x

5

Bell & Lamb (1973) [44]

√

x

√

x

√

x

x

√

√

x

5

Edwards & Hermann (2011) [45]

√

x

√

x

x

x

x

x

√

x

3

Fahlman et al. (2008) [46]

√

x

√

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

2

Friel et al. (1999) [47]

√

x

√

√

x

x

x

x

√

x

4

Gortmaker et al. (1999) [48]

√

√

√

x

x

√

√

x

√

x

6

Govula et al. (2007) [30]

√

x

√

x

x

x

x

x

√

x

3

Horne et al. (2004) [31]

√

x

√

x

x

x

x

x

√

x

3

Liquori et al. (1998) USA, NR [49]

x

x

√

x

x

√

x

x

x

x

2

Manios et al. (2002) [50]

√

x

√

√

x

√

x

√

√

x

6

McAleese & Rankin (2007) [36]

√

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

√

x

2

Morgan et al. (2010) [51]

√

x

√

√

x

√

x

√

√

√

7

Simmons-Morton et al. (1991) [52]

√

x

x

x

x

√

x

x

x

x

2

Agozzino et al. (2007) [53]

x

x

x

x

x

√

x

x

√

x

2

Amaro et al. (2005) [54]

√

x

x

√

x

√

x

√

√

√

6

Anderson et al. (2005) [55]

√

x

x

x

x

√

x

x

√

x

3

Baronowski et al. (2000) [32]

√

x

√

√

x

√

x

√

√

√

7

Bere et al. (2006) [56]

√

x

√

x

x

√

x

√

√

x

5

Cooke (2011) [57]

√

x

x

√

x

x

x

x

√

√

4

Day et al. (2008) [58]

√

x

√

√

x

x

x

√

√

x

5

Domel et al. (1993) [59]

√

x

√

√

x

x

x

√

√

x

5

Duncan et al. (2011) [60]

√

x

√

√

x

x

x

√

√

x

5

Foster et al. (2008) [61]

√

x

√

x

x

√

x

√

√

x

5

Gorely et al. (2009) [62]

√

x

√

√

x

√

√

√

√

x

7

Head (1974) [63]

√

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

1

Hendy et al. [64]

√

x

√

√

x

√

x

x

√

x

5

Hoffman et al. (2010) [65]

√

x

√

√

x

√

x

√

√

x

6

James et al. (2005) [33]

√

√

√

√

x

√

x

√

√

√

8

Kipping (2010) [66]

√

√

√

√

x

√

√

√

√

√

9

Kristjansdottir et al. (2010) [67]

√

x

x

√

x

√

x

√

√

x

5

Luepker et al. (1996) [68]

√

x

√

√

x

√

√

√

√

x

7

Mangunkusumo et al. (2007) [69]

√

x

√

√

x

√

√

√

√

√

8

Muth (2008) [70]

√

x

√

√

x

x

√

√

√

√

7

Panunzio et al. (2007) [71]

√

x

x

x

x

√

x

√

√

√

5

Parcel et al. (1989) [72]

√

x

x

√

x

√

x

√

√

x

5

Parmer (2009) [73]

√

x

x

x

x

√

x

√

√

x

4

Perry et al. (1998) [74]

x

x

√

√

x

√

x

√

√

x

5

Perry et al. (1985) [75]

x

x

√

x

x

x

x

√

√

x

3

Powers et al. (2005) [76]

x

x

√

x

x

x

x

x

√

x

2

Quinn et al. (2003) [77]

√

x

√

x

x

x

x

x

√

x

3

Resnicow et al. (1998) [78]

x

x

√

x

x

√

x

x

√

x

3

Reynolds et al. (2000) [79]

√

x

√

√

x

√

x

√

√

x

6

Sahota et al. (2001) [80]

√

√

x

√

x

√

x

x

√

√

6

Shannon & Chen (1988) [81]

x

x

√

√

x

√

x

√

x

x

4

Smolak et al. (1998) [82]

√

x

x

√

x

x

x

√

√

x

4

Spiegel & Foulk (2006) [83]

√

x

√

x

x

√

x

x

√

x

4

Taylor et al. (2007) [34]

√

x

√

x

x

√

x

√

√

√

6

te Velde et al. (2007) [84]

√

x

√

√

x

x

√

√

√

x

6