Table 3 Standardized item-to-factor correlations for structural model 1: children’s self-efficacy model (N = 857)
Description | Latent factor/Observed variables | Factor loading | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Types of children’s self-efficacy | Scheduling Self-efficacy (3 items) | ||
I’m sure that I can walk to and from school: | |||
At least once every week | .78 (.02) | .000 | |
At least 2–4 days of the week | .87 (.02) | .000 | |
Every day of the week | .91 (.02) | .000 | |
Barrier Self-efficacy (6 items) | |||
Even if I live far from school | .69 (.03) | .000 | |
Even if there is a lot of traffic | .70 (.03) | .000 | |
Even if it is hot outside | .83 (.02) | .000 | |
Even if it is cold outside | .80 (.02) | .000 | |
Even if it is raining outside | .77 (.03) | .000 | |
Even if my friends or classmates do not walk to school | .87 (.02) | .000 | |
Support-seeking Self-efficacy (4 items) | |||
With my parents | .40 (.05) | .000 | |
With my friends or classmates | .80 (.02) | .000 | |
By myself | .91 (.01) | .000 | |
Without my parents | .91 (.01) | .000 | |
Sources of children’s self-efficacy | Emotional States (2 items) | ||
Do you feel safe walking in your neighborhood during the day? | .83 (.05) | .000 | |
Do you feel safe riding a bike in your neighborhood during the day? | .64 (.05) | .000 | |
Social Persuasion (2 items) | |||
Have your teachers or other school staff encouraged you to walk or ride to or from school? | .78 (.26) | .002 | |
Does your school have a Walking School Bus or a similar program? | .38 (.12) | .003 | |
Social Modeling (2 items) | |||
Do many people walk or ride bikes in your neighborhood? | .44 (.06) | .000 | |
How many of your friends usually walk or ride a bike to school? | .46 (.07) | .000 | |
Social economic disadvantage | Number of assistance that a child’s family received | .47 (.09) | .000 |
Ethnicity (White or non-white) | .61 (.12) | .000 | |
Environmental constraints | Percentage of highway (binary) | .64 (.09) | .000 |
Auto-related land use (binary) | .73 (.08) | .000 | |
Construction and manufacturing land use (binary) | .46 (.07) | .000 | |
General commercial land use (binary) | .68 (.07) | .000 | |
Presence of crashes per acre (binary) | .31 (.08) | .001 | |
Network distance | .87 (.07) | .000 |