Table 4 Adjusted associations between active travel and selected health outcomes

China

Moderate

1.07 (0.83 ; 1.37)

0.95 (0.56 ; 1.59)

0.92 (0.73 ; 1.15)

0.27 (−0.94 ; 1.48)

−0.15 (−0.64 ; 0.34)

1.31 (0.84 ; 2.06)

−4.15 (−6.96 ;–1.34)

High

0.91 (0.71 ; 1.16)

1.12 (0.64 ; 1.97)

0.76 (0.61 ; 0.94)

−0.84 (−1.92 ; 0.22)

−0.19 (−0.63 ; 0.26)

1.26 (0.79 ; 1.00)

−4.40 (−7.33 ;–1.46)

Ghana

Moderate

0.68 (0.47 ; 0.99)

0.79 (0.47 ; 1.34)

0.65 (0.43 ; 0.97)

−3.24 (−5.22 ;–1.47)

−0.96 (−1.79 ;–0.13)

1.31 (0.51 ; 3.35)

−1.30 (−4.03 ; 1.42)

High

0.40 (0.27 ; 0.61)

0.75 (0.40 ; 1.42)

1.11 (0.71 ; 1.73)

−3.28 (−5.22 ;–1.33)

−1.16 (−2.28 ;–0.04)

1.81 (0.78 ; 7.17)

3.37 (0.07 ; 6.67)

India

Moderate

1.07 (0.81 ; 1.42)

0.88 (0.58 ; 1.33)

1.06 (0.84 ; 1.35)

−0.14 (−1.08 ; 0.80)

0.17 (−0.40 ; 0.75)

0.65 (0.38 ; 1.10)

0.27 (−1.23 ; 1.80)

High

0.78 (0.61 ; 0.99)

0.82 (0.57 ; 1.17)

1.09 (0.89 ; 1.34)

0.05 (−0.82 ; 0.93)

−0.13 (−0.56 ; 0.30)

0.66 (0.37 ; 1.19)

−0.56 (−2.01 ; 0.89)

Mexico

Moderate

0.58 (0.29 ; 1.18)

0.67 (0.33 ; 1.35)

0.70 (0.32 ; 1.49)

−2.50 (−6.27 ; 1.28)

−1.50 (−3.04 ; 0.04)

0.95 (0.37 ; 2.42)

−2.49 (−7.06 ; 2.08)

High

1.17 (0.65 ; 2.09)

0.88 (0.42 ; 1.85)

1.18 (0.62 ; 2.24)

−2.25 (−5.92 ; 1.41)

−0.63 (−2.11 ; 0.85)

1.19 (0.57 ; 2.49)

−0.68 (−5.27 ; 3.92)

Russia

Moderate

1.34 (0.85 ; 2.13)

1.15 (0.61 ; 2.17)

0.73 (0.42 ; 1.29)

−5.21 (−9.95 ;–0.48)

0.86 (−0.71 ; 2.42)

0.72 (0.33 ; 1.59)

3.38 (−0.03 ; 6.79)

High

0.70 (0.41 ; 1.19)

0.93 (0.47 ; 1.49)

0.58 (0.36 ; 0.94)

−5.79 (−9.54 ;–2.04)

0.09 (−1.62 ; 1.81)

0.71 (0.29 ; 1.74)

−2.82 (−5.95 ; 0.32)

South Africa

Moderate

0.46 (0.25 ; 0.87)

0.63 (0.36 ; 1.13)

0.52 (0.26 ; 1.04)

−5.49 (−10.98 ; 0.00)

−1.85 (−3.76 ; 0.06)

1.32 (0.69 ; 2.54)

6.81 (0.57 ; 13.05)

High

0.94 (0.45 ; 1.98)

1.09 (0.53 ; 1.13)

0.33 (0.17 ; 0.67)

−1.66 (−7.29 ; 3.98)

0.63 (−2.02 ; 3.28)

1.01 (0.50 ; 2.00)

3.59 (−1.90 ; 9.07)

Pooled

Moderate

0.88 (0.75 ; 1.03)

0.91 (0.70 ; 1.18)

0.79 (0.68 ; 0.92)

−1.52 (−2.40 ;–0.65)

−0.26 (−0.62 ; 0.09)

1.14 (0.87 ; 1.51)

−1.63 (−3.19 ;–0.06)

High

0.71 (0.59 ; 0.86)

0.82 (0.62 ; 1.08)

0.71 (0.61 ; 0.84)

−2.16 (−3.07 ;–1.26)

−0.54 (−0.98 ;–0.11)

0.99 (0.73 ; 1.33)

−2.33 (−3.98 ;–0.69)