International study of perceived neighbourhood environmental attributes and Body Mass Index: IPEN Adult study in 12 countries

Table 3 Linear and curvilinear associations of socio-demographic and perceived environmental attributes with weight status (normal vs. overweight/obese) and body mass index (kg/m²) (N = 14222)

Predictor	Odds of being overweight/obese^a			Body mass index^b
	OR	95 % CI	p	exp(b)	exp(95 % CI)	p
*Socio-demographic*
Gender (reference: male)
Female	0.60	0.56, 0.65	<.001	0.97	0.96, 0.98	<.001
Area socio-economic status (reference: low)
High socio-economic status	0.89	0.80, 0.98	.021	0.98	0.97, 0.99	<.001
Education (reference: less than high school )
High school graduate	0.99	0.89, 1.11	.903	0.99	0.98, 1.00	.167
College or more	0.69	0.61, 0.78	<.001	0.96	0.95, 0.97	<.001
Working status (reference: not working)
Working	0.98	0.90, 1.07	.665	0.99	0.99, 1.00	.069
Marital status (reference: single)
Couple	1.19	1.10, 1.29	<.001	1.00	0.99, 1.01	.291
Age (yrs)	1.60	1.14, 2.26	<.001	1.05	1.01, 1.09	.006
*Perceived environmental attributes*
Residential density	1.000	0.999, 1.000	.079	1.001	0.999, 1.003	.138
Land use mix – access	1.07	0.99, 1.15	.078	1.01	0.99, 1.01	.064
Land use mix – diversity (9 destination types)	0.94	0.88, 1.00	.062	0.99	0.99, 1.00	.043
Connectivity	1.00	0.94, 1.05	.902	1.00	0.99, 1.00	.137
Infrastructure and safety	0.98	0.91, 1.06	.595	1.00	0.99, 1.01	.819
Aesthetics	0.96	0.90, 1.03	.287	0.99	0.99, 1.00	.055
Safety from traffic	0.92	0.86, 0.97	.005	0.99	0.99, 1.00	.002
Safety from crime	0.99	0.92, 1.04	.496	0.99	0.99, 1.00	.071
Curvilinear component	-	-	-	F(1.52) = 4.72		.017
Few cul-de-sacs	0.98	0.94, 1.02	.364	1.00	1.00, 1.00	.792
No major barriers	0.97	0.92, 1.02	.177	1.00	0.99, 1.00	.480
Composite walkability score	0.98	0.97, 0.99	.002	0.992	0.88, 0.995	<.001

Note. Regression coefficients are adjusted for other perceived environmental characteristics, respondents’ age, gender, marital status, educational attainment, employment status, and administrative-unit (neighborhood) socio-economic status. OR = odds ratio; 95 % CI = 95 % confidence intervals; exp(b) = antilogarithm of regression coefficient; exp(95 % CI) = antilogarithm of confidence intervals; − = not applicable. ^ageneralized additive mixed model (GAMM) with binomial variance and logit link functions. ^bGAMM base on quasi-likelihood approach with logarithmic link function and variance proportional to the cube of the outcome mean. For these models, exp(b) is to be interpreted as the proportional increase in body mass index associated with a 1 unit increase on the predictor

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