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Table 3 Linear and curvilinear associations of socio-demographic and perceived environmental attributes with weight status (normal vs. overweight/obese) and body mass index (kg/m2) (N = 14222)

From: International study of perceived neighbourhood environmental attributes and Body Mass Index: IPEN Adult study in 12 countries

Predictor

Odds of being overweight/obesea

Body mass indexb

 

OR

95 % CI

p

exp(b)

exp(95 % CI)

p

Socio-demographic

      

 Gender (reference: male)

      

  Female

0.60

0.56, 0.65

<.001

0.97

0.96, 0.98

<.001

 Area socio-economic status (reference: low)

      

  High socio-economic status

0.89

0.80, 0.98

.021

0.98

0.97, 0.99

<.001

 Education (reference: less than high school )

      

  High school graduate

0.99

0.89, 1.11

.903

0.99

0.98, 1.00

.167

  College or more

0.69

0.61, 0.78

<.001

0.96

0.95, 0.97

<.001

 Working status (reference: not working)

      

  Working

0.98

0.90, 1.07

.665

0.99

0.99, 1.00

.069

 Marital status (reference: single)

      

  Couple

1.19

1.10, 1.29

<.001

1.00

0.99, 1.01

.291

 Age (yrs)

1.60

1.14, 2.26

<.001

1.05

1.01, 1.09

.006

Perceived environmental attributes

      

Residential density

1.000

0.999, 1.000

.079

1.001

0.999, 1.003

.138

Land use mix – access

1.07

0.99, 1.15

.078

1.01

0.99, 1.01

.064

Land use mix – diversity (9 destination types)

0.94

0.88, 1.00

.062

0.99

0.99, 1.00

.043

Connectivity

1.00

0.94, 1.05

.902

1.00

0.99, 1.00

.137

Infrastructure and safety

0.98

0.91, 1.06

.595

1.00

0.99, 1.01

.819

Aesthetics

0.96

0.90, 1.03

.287

0.99

0.99, 1.00

.055

Safety from traffic

0.92

0.86, 0.97

.005

0.99

0.99, 1.00

.002

Safety from crime

0.99

0.92, 1.04

.496

0.99

0.99, 1.00

.071

 Curvilinear component

-

-

-

F(1.52) = 4.72

 

.017

Few cul-de-sacs

0.98

0.94, 1.02

.364

1.00

1.00, 1.00

.792

No major barriers

0.97

0.92, 1.02

.177

1.00

0.99, 1.00

.480

Composite walkability score

0.98

0.97, 0.99

.002

0.992

0.88, 0.995

<.001

  1. Note. Regression coefficients are adjusted for other perceived environmental characteristics, respondents’ age, gender, marital status, educational attainment, employment status, and administrative-unit (neighborhood) socio-economic status. OR = odds ratio; 95 % CI = 95 % confidence intervals; exp(b) = antilogarithm of regression coefficient; exp(95 % CI) = antilogarithm of confidence intervals; − = not applicable. ageneralized additive mixed model (GAMM) with binomial variance and logit link functions. bGAMM base on quasi-likelihood approach with logarithmic link function and variance proportional to the cube of the outcome mean. For these models, exp(b) is to be interpreted as the proportional increase in body mass index associated with a 1 unit increase on the predictor