A cross-sectional observational study of the nutritional intake of UK primary school children from deprived and non-deprived backgrounds: implications for school breakfast schemes

Table 4 Nutritional composition of breakfasts consumed at home, at school and at both home and school, following the introduction of the breakfast programme

Nutrient intake at breakfast	Breakfast at home		Breakfast at school		Breakfast at school and home		F values d.f.
	(n = 211)		(n = 35)		(n = 33)		(2,276)
	Mean	se	Mean	se	Mean	se
Energy (Mj)	1.10^a	0.05	1.37	0.11	1.70^a	0.15	10.70, p < 0.001
Protein (g)	8.8	0.47	9.0	1.12	11.1	1.13
Fat (g)	7.3^a	0.47	7.2	1.06	11.0^a	1.36	3.99, p < 0.02
Carbohydrate (g)	48.7^a,b	1.81	59.8^a	4.62	69.7^b	6.06	12.62, p < 0.001
Fibre (g)	2.07	0.15	3.29	0.46	3.55	0.44	8.37, p < 0.001
Calcium (mg)	258.4	19.9	235.6	29.8	309.5	42.4
Phosphorus (mg)	203.5	11.5	196.1	27.0	246.0	26.0
Magnesium (mg)	42.6	2.5	46.8	5.9	59.1	6.1
Sodium (mg)	338.4	23.9	382.1	37.7	484.6	55.6
Potassium (mg)	394.3^a	18.4	446.7	41.5	613.6^a	64.8	8.78, p < 0.001
Chloride (mg)	524.9^a	38.0	629.6	59.6	780.9^a	89.7	3.48, p < 0.03
Iron (mg)	2.6	0.20	2.4	0.33	3.2	0.38
Zinc (mg)	1.11	0.07	1.08	0.15	1.31	0.16
Copper (mg)	0.12	0.01	0.13	0.01	0.17	0.03
Selenium (μg)	3.2^a,b	0.19	5.1^a	0.99	5.62^b	0.82	9.49, p < 0.001
Iodine (μg)	38.2	2.5	33.1	5.5	45.8	7.4
Vitamin B₁ (mg)	0.37	0.02	0.36	0.04	0.51	0.05
Vitamin B₂ (mg)	0.58	0.03	0.47	0.08	0.66	0.08
Niacin (mg)	5.3	0.28	5.4	0.74	6.7	0.76
Vitamin B₆ (mg)	0.42	0.03	0.31	0.05	0.54	0.08
Vitamin B₁₂ (μg)	0.75	0.05	0.51	0.09	0.77	0.14
Folate (μg)	59.9^a	3.7	67.0	10.08	92.8^a	11.0	4.94, p < 0.008
Vitamin C (mg)	25.7^a	2.5	32.9	5.2	53.8^a	8.6	7.85, p < 0.001
Vitamin A (μg)	71.0	6.6	74.2	11.5	109.6	13.8
Vitamin D (μg)	0.16	0.03	0.18	0.07	0.22	0.06
Vitamin E (mg)	0.62	0.06	0.50	0.08	0.75	0.08

Note. The data are means and standard errors. Where there were significant differences the F values are listed in the right-hand column. Lower case letters indicate pairs of means that differed significantly from each other at least at the p < 0.01 level, as indicated by Scheffe’s test

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