Table 4 Factor analysis of subjective measures of built environment

Residential density (Factor 1)

Bungalow

1 (constrained)

Shophouses/house (1–3 stories)

1.33

1.27

1.39

<0.001

Apartment/condominium (1–3 stories)

5.94

1.53

10.36

0.008

Apartment/condominium (4–6 stories)

5.86

1.44

10.27

0.009

Apartment/condominium (7–12 stories)

43.89

13.11

74.68

0.005

Apartment/condominium (more than 13 stories)

45.51

13.88

77.14

0.005

Street Connectivity (Factor 2)

Connecting and covered walkways

1 (constrained)

Sufficient time for pedestrian crossing

1.20

0.94

1.46

<0.001

Nearest traffic light

0.93

0.75

1.10

<0.001

Land Use Mix Access (Factor 3)

Store within easy walking distance

1 (constrained)

Places within easy walking distance

0.66

0.56

0.75

<0.001

Easy to walk to bus & Mass Rapid Transport stations

0.99

0.99

1.00

<0.001

Many steps/stairs difficult to walk

0.66

0.56

0.75

<0.001

Infrastructure Walk cycle (Factor 4)

Sidewalks on most streets

1 (constrained)

Well-designed sidewalks

1.37

1.13

1.61

<0.001

Bicycles lanes

−2.02

−2.48

−1.55

<0.001

Sidewalks separated from streets by barriers

2.08

1.68

2.47

<0.001

Cars parked between sidewalks and main streets

0.46

0.17

0.75

0.002

Grass separaters separates roads from sidewalks

2.02

1.63

2.41

<0.001

Aesthetics (Factor 5)

Shade for sidewalks

1 (constrained)

Trees along the streets

1.12

0.58

1.67

<0.001

Interesting things to look while walking

0.02

−0.17

0.22

0.81

Free from litter

−0.23

−0.43

−0.03

0.02

Trees and garden landscaping

0.22

−0.01

0.46

0.06

Attractive buildings/homes

−0.21

−0.37

−0.05

0.01