Trajectories of eating behaviors in a nationally representative cohort of U.S. adolescents during the transition to young adulthood

Lipsky, Leah M.; Haynie, Denise L.; Liu, Danping; Chaurasia, Ashok; Gee, Benjamin; Li, Kaigang; Iannotti, Ronald J.; Simons-Morton, Bruce

doi:10.1186/s12966-015-0298-x

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

Table 3 Estimates (βest ± SE) from linear generalized estimating equations (GEE) evaluating associations of time-varying food group intake frequency (times/day) with baseline weight status^a,b

From: Trajectories of eating behaviors in a nationally representative cohort of U.S. adolescents during the transition to young adulthood

	Fruit/vegetables		Whole grains		Soda		Snacks
Independent variables	βest (SE)	P	βest (SE)	P	βest (SE)	P	βest (SE)	P
Wave	−0.16 (0.06)	0.01	−0.12 (0.02)	<0.001	−0.09 (0.02)	<0.001	−0.19 (0.02)	<0.001
Baseline weight status (normal weight = ref)
Underweight	0.06 (0.75)	0.94	0.06 (0.23)	0.80	0.30 (0.18)	0.11	0.02 (0.17)	0.89
Overweight	−0.14 (0.20)	0.51	−0.03 (0.06)	0.57	−0.10 (0.07)	0.15	−0.22 (0.06)	0.003
Obese	0.22 (0.21)	0.32	0.04 (0.08)	0.66	−0.16 (0.07)	0.04	−0.26 (0.07)	0.001
Baseline height (cm)	−0.004 (0.01)	0.75	−0.0001 (0.003)	0.97	0.0004 (0.004)	0.93	0.006 (0.003)	0.10
Sex (male = ref)	−0.02 (0.23)	0.95	−0.02 (0.06)	0.74	−0.20 (0.08)	0.02	0.0004 (0.08)	>0.99
Race/eth (Non-Hispanic White = ref)
Non-Hispanic Black	1.02 (0.32)	0.003	0.22 (0.08)	0.02	0.36 (0.09)	0.001	0.41 (0.07)	<0.001
Hispanic	0.64 (0.27)	0.03	0.17 (0.09)	0.09	0.05 (0.13)	0.70	−0.003 (0.10)	0.98
Other	0.21 (0.32)	0.51	0.11 (0.12)	0.40	−0.009 (0.19)	0.96	−0.13 (0.15)	0.41
Family Affluence Scale^c	−0.03 (0.07)	0.66	−0.01 (0.02)	0.62	−0.01 (0.02)	0.66	−0.03 (0.02)	0.17
Parent education (<High school graduate = ref)
High school graduate	0.11 (0.26)	0.68	0.12 (0.10)	0.25	0.03 (0.11)	0.80	0.05 (0.12)	0.69
Some college	0.11 (0.33)	0.74	0.15 (0.10)	0.14	−0.06 (0.13)	0.65	0.007 (0.12)	0.96
Bachelor’s degree	0.03 (0.35)	0.92	0.24 (0.13)	0.08	−0.24 (0.12)	0.06	0.01 (0.12)	0.93
Graduate degree	0.36 (0.34)	0.31	0.22 (0.12)	0.07	−0.37 (0.11)	0.002	−0.0002(0.11)	>0.99
Urbanicity (urban = ref)
Suburban	−0.44 (0.25)	0.09	−0.05 (0.08)	0.53	0.16 (0.09)	0.09	0.10 (0.06)	0.13
Rural	−0.29 (0.25)	0.26	0.09 (0.08)	0.27	0.15 (0.08)	0.06	0.08 (0.06)	0.23
Vigorous physical activity (h/week)	0.16 (0.03)	<0.001	0.04 (0.008)	<0.001	−0.03 (0.01)	0.003	−0.02 (0.01)	0.04
Residual intraclass correlation^d	0.45		0.41		0.44		0.42

^aWeight status calculated according to Body Mass Index percentile cut-offs: <5 underweight; ≥5, <85 normal weight; ≥85, <95 overweight; ≥95 obese
^bSeparate models examining each eating behavior outcome, adjusted for all independent variables
^cRanging from 0 (low affluence) to 7 (high affluence)
^dEstimated from linear mixed model with same covariates as GEE models, calculated by dividing between-cluster variation by total variation

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ISSN: 1479-5868

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