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Table 3 Relation between physical environment and active transportation across continents

From: Cross-continental comparison of the association between the physical environment and active transportation in children: a systematic review

 

Active transportation to school

Active transportation during leisure

 

n/N relation Europe

n/N relation North-America

n/N relation Australia

n/N relation Asia

Total relation

n/N relation Europe

n/N relation North-America

n/N relation Australia

n/N relation Asia

Total relation

WALKABILITY

3/5 +

3/3 ?

3/5 +

0/0 ?

9/13 +

0/3 ?

0/0 ?

0/0 ?

0/0 ?

0/3 ?

Density

1/4 0

8/14 (+)

0/0 ?

0/1 ?

9/19 (+)

0/1 ?

1/4 ?

0/0 ?

2/8 ?

3/13 0

Land use mix diversity

1/10 0

9/22 (+)

0/0 ?

0/0 ?

10/32 0

0/0 ?

1/6 ?

0/0 ?

1/8 ?

2/14 0

Street connectivity

3/19 0

8/28 0

1/6 0

0/0 ?

12/53 0

1/8 ?

1/4 ?

0/6 ?

5/8 ?

7/26 0

ACCESSIBILITY

2/3 ?

6/12 (+)

3/6 (+)

0/0 ?

11/21 (+)

0/0 ?

2/2 ?

0/0 ?

0/0 ?

2/2 ?

WALK/CYCLE FACILITIES

5/23 0

15/31 (+)

1/8 0

0/0 ?

21/62 0

3/10 ?

1/2 ?

1/3 ?

3/16 ?

8/31 0

AESTHETICS

1/17 0

7/29 0

1/3 ?

0/0 ?

9/49 0

0/7 ?

0/2 ?

0/0 ?

0/0 ?

0/9 0

SAFETY

8/25 0

10/21 (+)

6/7 +

0/0 ?

24/53 (+)

0/2 ?

0/0 ?

0/0 ?

0/0 ?

0/2 ?

Crime safety

0/2 ?

6/18 0

0/8 0

0/0 ?

6/28 0

1/3 ?

1/2 ?

0/6 ?

0/0 ?

2/11 0

Traffic safety

10/31 0

24/54 (+)

28/55 (+)

0/0 ?

62/140 (+)

3/19 0

0/2 ?

3/27 0

5/8 ?

12/57 0

RECREATION FACILITIES

1/8 ?

4/7 (+)

2/2 ?

0/0 ?

7/17 (+)

1/8 0

4/4 ?

3/4 ?

0/8 ?

8/24 0

  1. n/N = number of positive associations/number of total investigated associations
  2. 0 = 0–33 % of the findings supporting the association = unrelated evidence
  3. (+) or (−) = 34–59 % of the findings supporting the association = evidence for a possible association
  4. + or - = 60–100 % of the findings supporting a positive or negative association = convincing evidence
  5. ? = variable was investigated in less than three studies