Table 2 Sedentary behaviour outcome measures and results of intervention targeting exclusively sedentary behaviour – sorted by age range and methodological quality
Ref | Quality ratinga | SB outcome | Results § |
|---|---|---|---|
Children aged 2.5 – 7 years | |||
Birken et al. [11] | Moderate | Parent-reported total time (min/d) the child was in a room with the TV/video/DVD on or playing video games or using the Internet during previous weekday and weekend day. | Adjusted (baseline SB values and zBMI (WHO)) mean differences [95 % CI]: Weekday screen time (min/d): -7 [-38; 23] Weekend day screen time (min/d): 2 [-16; 20] |
Dennison et al. [32] | Moderate | Parent-reported average amount of time (h/wk) watching TV/videos, playing video or computer games, or surfing the Internet, separately for Saturday, Sunday and an average weekday. | Adjusted (age, sex, baseline SB values) difference in mean change [95 % CI]: TV/video viewing (h/d): Weekdays: -0.62 [-1.11; -0.12] Saturday: -0.63 [-1.44; 0.17] Sunday: -0.99 [-1.73; -0.25] Percentage children watching >2 h/d: -21.5 [-42.5; -0.5] Computer/video game playing (h/d): Weekdays: -0.11 [-0.34; 0.13] Saturday: -0.07 [-0.49; 0.34] Sunday: -0.03 [-0.27; 0.21] |
Epstein et al. [33] | Moderate | Objectively assessed (TV allowance) TV and computer time (h/wk). | Decrease in mean (SEM [SD]) number of hours of TV viewing and computer games (h/wk): Intervention: 17.5 [7.0] at 6 months and about the same through 24 months Control group: -5.2 [11.1] at 24 months Significant different changes from baseline between groups at 6 through 24 months (adjusted for group, SES, age, sex). |
Haines et al. [13] | Weak | Parent-reported time their child watched TV on average weekday and weekend day in the past month (h), and whether child had a TV in the bedroom. | Mean group difference [95 % CI] for changes from baseline to 6 months: TV time (h/d): 0.54 [-1.22; 0.15] TV time on weekdays (h/d): -0.31 [-0.98; 0.37] TV time on weekend days (h/d): -1.06 [-1.97; -0.15] Number of TVs in bedroom (OR): 1.75 [0.62; 4.91] |
Taveras et al. [34] | Weak | Child-reported TV and video viewing (h/d), TV in bedroom (y/n). | Adjusted (age, sex, ethnicity, parent education, overweight/obesity status at baseline, household income, time elapsed from baseline to follow-up) difference (b [95 % CI]): Total TV/video viewing (h/d): -0.36 [-0.64; 0.09] Odds ratio (OR [95 % CI]): TV in bedroom (%): 0.65 [0.32; 1.32] (additionally adjusted for TV in bedroom at baseline) |
Yilmaz [36] | Weak | Parent-reported (h/wk) time spent watching TV, videos or surfing internet. Parent reported (h/d) time spent in front of a screen, for weekend and weekdays separately. | Media time at 2, 6 and 9 months significantly different between intervention and control group. |
Zimmerman et al. [35] | Weak | Parent-reported time diaries (15-minute segment for the entire 24-h day) for one randomly chosen weekday and one randomly chosen weekend including their child’s total TV viewing time (min/day) and commercial TV viewing time (min/day) (by indicating name of the show and media format (i.e. TV/DVD)). | Beta [95 % CI] for intervention effect: Total TV viewing time (min/d): -37.1 [-68.7; -5.6] Commercial TV viewing (min/d): -29.2 [-63.0; 4.6] |
Children aged 7 – 12 years | |||
Ford et al. [40] | Moderate | Parent-reported the child’s typical weekday and Saturday TV/video and video game use (h), nr of days the child had breakfast/dinner while watching TV and overall household TV use (h). | Effects sizes (Cohen’s δ§) for baseline to post-test differences (all non-significant): Mean weekly screen use (h): 0.00 Overall household TV use: 0.20 Days breakfast with TV on: 0.26 Days dinner with TV on: 0.45 |
Hinckson et al. [46] | Moderate | Objectively measured (ActivPAL) time spent sitting and sit-to-stand counts. | Mean group difference (intervention minus control) for changes from pre to post intervention [90 % confidence limits]: Sitting (h): -0.49 [0.64] Sit-to-stand counts: -0.96 [0.54] |
Maddison et al. [47] | Moderate | Child-reported time spent (min/d) sedentary, screen-based and non screen-based (Multimedia Activity Recall for Children and Adolescents, MARCA). | Mean difference (intervention minus control) for changes from pre to post intervention [95 % CI]: Total SB (min/d): -20 [-56; 17] Screen-based SB (min/d): -33 [-73; 7] Non screen-based SB (min/d): 13 [-26; 51] |
Robinson et al. [43] | Moderate | Child- and parent-reported (h/wk) TV/video viewing and video game playing, number of meals and snacking with TV ON, and time spent (h/d) in other SB (i.e. using a computer, doing homework, reading, listening to music, playing a musical instrument, talking with parents, playing quiet games indoors and at classes or clubs. Parent reported overall household TV use. | Adjusted (baseline SB, age, sex) change [95 % CI]: Child report TV (h/wk): -5.53 [-8.64; -2.42] Videotapes (h/wk): -1.53 [-3.39; 0.33] Video games (h/wk): -2.54 [-4.48; -0.60] Meals while TV ON (nr): -0.54 [-0.98; -0.12] Snacking while TV ON (nr): -0.11 [-0.27; 0.04] Other SB (h/d): -0.34 [-1.21; 0.52] Parental report TV (h/wk): -4.29 [-5.89; -2.70] Videotapes (h/wk): -0.25 [-1.19; 0.69] Video games (h/wk): -0.76 [-1.75; 0.22] Meals while TV ON (nr): -1.07 [-1.69; -0.18] Children snacking while TV ON (%): -1.94 [-9.06; 5.17] Other SB (h/d): -4.88 [-11.69; 1.93] Overall household TV use: -0.77 [-1.69; 0.14] |
Vik et al. [48] | Moderate/Weakb | Objectively measured (Actigraph GT1M, GT3X or ActiTrainer) breaks in SB and total SB. Self-reported breaks in sitting time and screen time spent, separate for TV/DVD hours, PC/games console hours and school hours. | Adjusted (school, age, baseline SB) means [95 % CI]: Breaks in SB (nr/day): Objective: 0.17 [-1.18; 1.52] Self-reported TV/DVD: 0.14 [0.02; 0.25] Self-reported PC/games: 0.13 [0.02; 0.24] Self-reported school hours: 0.10 [-0.04; 0.23] Total SB (h/d): Objective: 0.11 [-0.11; 0.33] Self-reported FQ TV/DVD: -0.03 [-0.12; 0.05] PC/games: -0.01 [-0.10; 0.09] Self-reported 24 h recall TV/DVD: -0.06 [-0.15; 0.03] PC/games: 0.02 [-0.08; 0.12] |
Cardon et al. [44] | Weak | Observations on durations and frequencies of static and dynamic sitting (portable ergonomic observation method). | Mean [SD] frequencies and durations (%) post intervention (except for frequency static sitting all outcomes significant different between intervention and control group): Intervention: Frequency static sitting: 1.50 [1.00] Duration static sitting: 1.0 [0.00] Frequency dynamic sitting: 13.72 [7.65] Duration dynamic sitting: 53.11 [23.23] Control: Frequency static sitting: 4.17 [4.35] Duration static sitting: 97.13 [3.82] Frequency dynamic sitting: 2.38 [2.10] Duration dynamic sitting: 3.25 [2.87] |
Carson et al. [12] | Weak | Objectively measured (ActiGraph GT3X) classroom and total sedentary time (min/d). | Adjusted (sex, country of birth, SES, baseline and 24-month accelerometer wear time, baseline mediator variables) beta [95 % CI]: Classroom sedentary time (min/d): -0.17 [-6.14; 6.48] Total sedentary time (min/d): -6.9 [-19.50; 5.69] |
Epstein et al. [38] | Weak | Self-reported physical activity questionnaire (Minnesota Leisure Time Activity Survey) assessing frequency and average time spent on targeted (watching TV/video, playing computer games, talking on the phone, playing board games) and non-targeted (homework, schoolwork) SB. | Changes from baseline to 6 and 24 months (mean (SD)): Targeted SB (% time) 0–6 months: Low dose SB: -15.1 (19.0) High dose SB: -20.3 (29.4) 0–24 months: Low dose SB: -0.6 (25.2) High dose SB: -12.0 (24.7) No significant differences across groups: 0–6 months: -13.4 (22.6) 0–24 months: -8.7 (23.6) Non-targeted SB (% time) 0–6 months: Low dose SB: 11.1 (24.7) High dose SB: 10.5 (17.8) 0–24 months: Low dose SB: -2.1 (23.4) High dose SB: 2.4 (16.6) No significant differences across groups: 0–6 months: 9.3 (18.7) 0–24 months: 1.2 (20.2) |
Epstein et al. [37] | Weak | Child- and parent-report of any SB that took 10 min or longer in duration, using index cards (structured with columns for start and stop times and the activity description) | Sign decrease in SB over time (-2.2 ± 7.4; % time in targeted sedentary behaviours), with no differences between groups. |
Escobar-Chaves et al. [39] | Weak | Parent-reported media use (h, min) by children (TV/DVD, video/computer game, computer use, handheld games), media in household and in child’s bedroom, frequency of TV ON when nobody was watching, frequency of TV on while eating snacks/meals. | Adjusted (gender, age and ethnicity) OR: Media use (i.e. TV/DVD/video viewing, computer game/use): non-significant difference TV being ON when nobody was watching: 0.23 (significant) Eating snacks while watching TV: 0.47 (significant) TV in the child's bedroom: 0.23 (significant) |
French et al. [45] | Weak | Objectively assessed TV viewing time (h/d; TV control device) and sedentary time (Actigraph GT1M). | Mean values [SE] post intervention (significantly different between intervention and control for TV viewing time): Intervention: TV viewing time (h/d): 1.7 (0.2) Sedentary time (min/d): 821.0 (34.9) Control: TV viewing time (h/d): 2.6 (0.3) Sedentary time (min/d): 792.3 (43.5) |
Ni Mhurchu et al. [42] | Weak | Child-reported hours of TV watching and total screen time per week (h/wk). | Mean change (mean (SD)) from baseline to 6 weeks (all non-significant): Intervention: Total weekly TV viewing (h): -254 (536) Total weekly screen time (h): -706 (725) Control: Total weekly TV viewing (h): -254 (536) Total weekly screen time (h): -706 (725) |
Todd et al. [41] | Weak | Recalled (by participant) all non-school related electronic media use (including that at friends’ homes and elsewhere), both time (h/min) and type (e.g. TV, computer). | Adjusted (media access, participation in organized activities) difference [95 % CI]: Electronic media use (min/d): Baseline to 10 weeks: -83 [-92.2; -73] Baseline to 20 weeks: -73 [-78.5; -67.5] Significant treatment x time interaction Nr of meals and snacks per day with electronic media ON decreased to 70 % below baseline at 10 and 20 weeks in intervention group compared to 10 % decrease at 10 weeks and 40 % increase 20 weeks in control group (significant different between groups). |
Verloigne et al. [14] | Weak | Accelerometer measured sedentary time (% wearing time), worn for at least 2 weekdays (10 h wearing time) and 1 weekend day (8 h wearing time). | Adjusted (age, gender) b (SE) for interaction between ‘time’ and ‘condition’ for sedentary time outcomes (% wearing time) (all non-significant): Day: 0.96 (0.86) Weekday: 1.48 (0.78) Weekend day: 0.03 (1.41) School hours: 0.70 (0.75) After school hours: 1.69 (1.09) Sedentary bouts: -0.28 (0.23) |