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Table 2 Odds of high adherence with the MedDiet intervention at one and four years of follow-upa

From: Predictors of short- and long-term adherence with a Mediterranean-type diet intervention: the PREDIMED randomized trial

 

OR (95 % CI) for dietary adherence (≥11 vs. <11 points)b

 

1 Year

4 Years

Demographic Characteristics

n

Crude

p

Multivariate

p

n

Crude

p

Multivariate

p

Sex

          

 Men

1820

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1103

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 Women

2378

0.83 (0.73, 0.94)

0.003

0.78 (0.64, 0.96)

0.02

1350

0.76 (0.64, 0.90)

0.001

0.92 (0.69, 1.23)

0.59

Age at baseline (years)

          

  < 65

1627

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

868

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

  ≥ 65

2571

1.01 (0.89, 1.14)

0.90

0.98 (0.80, 1.15)

0.80

1485

0.87 (0.74, 1.04)

0.12

0.90 (0.73, 1.12)

0.36

Educational level

          

 University or higher

339

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

173

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 Secondary school

643

0.92 (0.71, 1.20)

0.56

0.97 (0.73, 1.28)

0.83

356

0.61 (0.42, 0.90)

0.01

0.68 (0.46, 1.02)

0.06

 Primary School

3109

0.82 (0.65, 1.03)

0.09

0.90 (0.70, 1.15)

0.39

1768

0.64 (0.46, 0.90)

0.009

0.81 (0.57, 1.17)

0.26

 Less than primary school

107

0.60 (0.39, 0.92)

0.02

0.87 (0.54, 1.39)

0.55

57

0.29 (0.15, 0.54)

<0.001

0.52 (0.27, 1.01)

0.06

Occupation

          

 Retired

2234

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1127

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 Working

509

0.81 (0.67, 0.98)

0.03

0.77 (0.61, 0.96)

0.02

258

1.04 (0.89, 1.37)

0.75

1.00 (0.72, 1.38)

0.99

 Housewife

1324

0.95 (0.83, 1.09)

0.44

1.12 (0.93, 1.33)

0.51

802

0.89 (0.74, 1.06)

0.19

1.03 (0.81, 1.32)

0.80

 Unemployed/unable to work

131

0.64 (0.45, 0.91)

0.01

0.14 (0.47, 1.01)

0.06

66

0.87 (0.53, 1.44)

0.59

1.00 (0.58, 1.73)

0.99

Marital Status

          

 Married

3266

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1824

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 Single

157

0.97 (0.70, 1.34)

0.85

1.02 (0.72, 1.43)

0.92

88

1.08 (0.70, 1.68)

0.73

0.93 (0.58, 1.49)

0.76

 Widowed

668

0.87 (0.74, 1.03)

0.07

1.00 (0.83, 1.21)

0.99

399

0.77 (0.62, 0.96)

0.02

0.86 (0.67, 1.11)

0.26

 Divorced or separated

107

0.75 (0.51, 1.10)

0.15

0.99 (0.66, 1.50)

0.97

42

0.91 (.49, 1.69)

0.76

1.16 (0.60, 2.25)

0.65

Number of people in household

4198

1.00 (0.96, 1.05)

0.89

1.04 (0.99, 1.10)

0.12

2353

1.01 (0.94, 1.07)

0.87

0.99 (0.92, 1.06)

0.70

Health-Related Characteristics at Baseline

          

Number of CVD Risk Factors c,d

          

 0–1

285

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

204

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 2

1237

0.89 (0.68, 1.15)

 

0.94 (0.71, 1.25)

 

734

0.76 (0.55, 1.05)

 

0.82 (0.58, 1.17)

 

 3

1632

0.76 (0.59, 0.98)

 

0.94 (0.71, 1.24)

 

884

0.66 (0.48, 0.91)

 

0.83 (0.58, 1.18)

 

 4

824

0.62 (0.47, 0.81)

 

0.87 (0.64, 1.18)

 

429

0.50 (0.35, 0.71)

 

0.71 (0.48, 1.04)

 

 5–6

220

0.57 (0.40, 0.81)

<0.001

0.83 (0.56, 1.23)

0.26

102

0.34 (0.21, 0.56)

<0.001

0.47 (0.27, 0.80)

0.009

Individual CVD Risk Factors

          

Type 2 Diabetes

          

 No

2199

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1221

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 Yes

1999

0.75 (0.66, 0.85)

<0.001

0.77 (0.66, 0.88)

<0.001

1132

0.71 (0.60, 0.84)

<0.001

0.74 (0.61, 0.90)

0.003

Hypertension

          

 No

757

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

447

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 Yes

3441

0.97 (0.83, 1.13)

0.68

0.89 (0.74, 1.06)

0.20

1906

0.87 (0.71, 1.08)

0.21

0.77 (0.61, 0.99)

0.04

Hypercolesterolaemia

          

 No

1169

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

748

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 Yes

3029

1.14 (0.99, 1.30)

0.06

1.06 (0.92, 1.24)

0.42

1605

1.15 (0.96, 1.37)

0.13

1.11 (0.91, 1.36)

0.29

Family history of premature CHD

          

 No

3237

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1871

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 Yes

961

0.89 (0.77, 1.02)

0.10

0.88 (0.75, 1.03)

0.11

482

0.64 (0.53, 0.79)

<0.001

0.63 (0.50, 0.78)

<0.001

Depression

          

 No

3481

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1975

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 Yes

717

0.87 (0.74, 1.02)

0.10

0.97 (0.81, 1.15)

0.71

378

0.79 (0.64, 0.99)

0.04

0.81 (0.63, 1.03)

0.09

Obesity

          

 No

2282

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1302

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 Yes

1916

0.78 (0.69, 0.88)

<0.001

1.12 (0.95, 1.32)

0.17

1051

0.83 (0.70, 0.97)

0.02

1.14 (0.91, 1.43)

0.24

SBP (per 5 mmHg)

4198

1.01 (1.00, 1.03)

0.07

1.00 (0.99, 1.02)

0.70

2353

1.02 (1.00, 1.04)

0.02

1.01 (0.99, 1.04)

0.31

DBP (per 5 mmHg)

4198

1.02 (1.00, 1.05)

0.09

1.02 (0.98, 1.05)

0.38

2353

1.03 (0.99, 1.07)

0.10

1.00 (0.95, 1.05)

0.90

Waist circumference (per 5 cm)

4198

0.90 (0.88, 0.93)

<0.001

0.92 (0.88, 0.95)

<0.001

2353

0.90 (0.87, 0.94)

<0.001

0.97 (0.92, 1.02)

0.22

Physical activity (MET-min/d) c,e

          

 T1 (low)

1332

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

703

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 T2

1414

1.28 (1.10, 1.48)

 

1.13 (0.97, 1.33)

 

785

1.46 (1.19, 1.80)

 

1.29 (1.04, 1.60)

 

 T3 (high)

1452

1.70 (1.46, 1.98)

<0.001

1.38 (1.17, 1.63)

<0.001

865

2.12 (1.72, 2.60)

<0.001

1.62 (1.29, 2.04)

<0.001

Smoking Status

          

 Never

2576

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1482

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 Former

574

0.90 (0.75, 1.08)

0.24

0.83 (0.67, 1.04)

0.10

320

1.16 (0.90, 1.48)

0.25

0.97 (0.71, 1.31)

0.83

 Current

1048

1.17 (1.01, 1.35)

0.04

1.05 (0.87, 1.26)

0.63

551

1.17 (0.95, 1.42)

0.13

1.01 (0.78, 1.30)

0.96

Total energy intake (kcal/day) c, f

          

 Q1 (low)

1017

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

568

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 Q2

1038

1.31 (1.10, 1.56)

 

1.20 (1.00, 1.45)

 

858

1.17 (0.92, 1.49)

 

1.08 (0.84, 1.40)

 

 Q3

1078

1.34 (1.13, 1.59)

 

1.16 (0.96, 1.39)

 

363

1.41 (1.11, 1.79)

 

1.28 (0.99, 1.65)

 

 Q4 (high)

1065

1.50 (1.26, 1.79)

<0.001

1.32 (1.09, 1.58)

0.009

564

1.36 (1.08, 1.72)

0.007

1.27 (0.99, 1.64)

0.04

Alcohol other than wine (g/day)

          

  < 10 men, <5 women

2429

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1360

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 10-50 men, 5–10 women

606

1.04 (0.87, 1.24)

0.67

0.88 (0.72, 1.08)

0.21

344

1.03 (0.81, 1.31)

0.81

0.80 (0.61, 1.05)

0.11

  > 50 men, >10 women

1163

1.00 (0.87, 1.15)

0.97

0.93 (0.80, 1.09)

0.39

649

1.09 (0.90, 1.32)

0.38

1.03 (0.83, 1.28)

0.77

14-point adherence score a

          

  < 11

3416

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1864

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

  ≥ 11

782

3.41 (2.85, 4.07)

<0.001

3.25 (2.71, 3.91)

<0.001

489

2.06 (1.66, 2.6)

<0.001

1.81 (1.44, 2.27)

<0.001

Study Design Features

          

Intervention Group

          

MedDiet + nuts

1962

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1027

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

MedDiet + EVOO

2236

0.70 (0.62, 0.79)

<0.001

0.70 (0.62, 0.80)

<0.001

1326

0.74 (0.62, 0.87)

<0.001

0.74 (0.62, 0.88)

0.001

Total workload of center (person-years) e,g

          

 Q1 (low)

1247

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

624

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 Q2

1133

1.31 (1.12, 1.54)

 

1.34 (1.12, 1.59)

 

361

0.87 (0.70, 1.08)

 

0.87 (0.69, 1.10)

 

 Q3

1168

1.90 (1.61, 2.23)

 

1.75 (1.46, 2.10)

 

804

0.67 (0.51, 0.87)

 

0.74 (0.56, 0.99)

 

 Q4 (high)

650

1.32 (1.10, 1.60)

<0.001

1.48 (1.19, 1.79)

<0.001

564

2.56 (1.98, 3.31)

<0.001

2.27 (1.72, 3.00)

0.004

  1. a ORs < 1 imply poorer adherence. ORs > 1 imply better adherence. A validated MedDiet adherence assessment tool was used. 1 point was added for each item in adherence with the traditional MedDiet. High adherence = adherence with ≥11 items on 14-point dietary adherence score. Low adherence = adherence with <11 items. b All models are from logistic regression analysis. Multivariate models are mutually adjusted for all characteristics displayed in this table including total CVD risk score but excluding individual CVD risk factors (type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, family history of pre-mature CHD, depression, obesity). When an individual CVD risk factors was the exposure of interest, the model was mutually adjusted for other individual CVD risk factors but not total CVD risk score. c P-values for trend were calculated by assigning the median value to each category and treating the resulting variable as continuous d Total CVD risk score calculated by summing the following CVD risk factors: type 2 diabetes, hypertension, high blood cholesterol, family history of premature CHD, depression, obesity. e Tertiles of physical activity (MET-min/d): T1: <108; T2: 108–268; T3: ≥268. f Quartiles of energy intake (kcal/d), by sex: Men: Q1: <2051; Q2: 2051- < 2394; Q3:2934- < 2801; Q4: ≥2801. Women: Q1: <1786; Q2: 1786- < 2109; Q3: 2109- < 2465; Q4: ≥2465. g Measured in quartiles of person years at center. After 1 Year: Q1: 133- < 352; Q2: 352- < 537; Q3: 537- < 650; Q4: ≥650. After 4 years: Q1: 893- < 1220; Q2: 1220- < 2175; Q3: 2175- < 2384; Q4: ≥2384