OR (95 % CI) for dietary adherence (≥11 vs. <11 points)b | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 Year | 4 Years | |||||||||
Demographic Characteristics | n | Crude | p | Multivariate | p | n | Crude | p | Multivariate | p |
Sex | ||||||||||
Men | 1820 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1103 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
Women | 2378 | 0.83 (0.73, 0.94) | 0.003 | 0.78 (0.64, 0.96) | 0.02 | 1350 | 0.76 (0.64, 0.90) | 0.001 | 0.92 (0.69, 1.23) | 0.59 |
Age at baseline (years) | ||||||||||
< 65 | 1627 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 868 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
≥ 65 | 2571 | 1.01 (0.89, 1.14) | 0.90 | 0.98 (0.80, 1.15) | 0.80 | 1485 | 0.87 (0.74, 1.04) | 0.12 | 0.90 (0.73, 1.12) | 0.36 |
Educational level | ||||||||||
University or higher | 339 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 173 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
Secondary school | 643 | 0.92 (0.71, 1.20) | 0.56 | 0.97 (0.73, 1.28) | 0.83 | 356 | 0.61 (0.42, 0.90) | 0.01 | 0.68 (0.46, 1.02) | 0.06 |
Primary School | 3109 | 0.82 (0.65, 1.03) | 0.09 | 0.90 (0.70, 1.15) | 0.39 | 1768 | 0.64 (0.46, 0.90) | 0.009 | 0.81 (0.57, 1.17) | 0.26 |
Less than primary school | 107 | 0.60 (0.39, 0.92) | 0.02 | 0.87 (0.54, 1.39) | 0.55 | 57 | 0.29 (0.15, 0.54) | <0.001 | 0.52 (0.27, 1.01) | 0.06 |
Occupation | ||||||||||
Retired | 2234 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1127 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
Working | 509 | 0.81 (0.67, 0.98) | 0.03 | 0.77 (0.61, 0.96) | 0.02 | 258 | 1.04 (0.89, 1.37) | 0.75 | 1.00 (0.72, 1.38) | 0.99 |
Housewife | 1324 | 0.95 (0.83, 1.09) | 0.44 | 1.12 (0.93, 1.33) | 0.51 | 802 | 0.89 (0.74, 1.06) | 0.19 | 1.03 (0.81, 1.32) | 0.80 |
Unemployed/unable to work | 131 | 0.64 (0.45, 0.91) | 0.01 | 0.14 (0.47, 1.01) | 0.06 | 66 | 0.87 (0.53, 1.44) | 0.59 | 1.00 (0.58, 1.73) | 0.99 |
Marital Status | ||||||||||
Married | 3266 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1824 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
Single | 157 | 0.97 (0.70, 1.34) | 0.85 | 1.02 (0.72, 1.43) | 0.92 | 88 | 1.08 (0.70, 1.68) | 0.73 | 0.93 (0.58, 1.49) | 0.76 |
Widowed | 668 | 0.87 (0.74, 1.03) | 0.07 | 1.00 (0.83, 1.21) | 0.99 | 399 | 0.77 (0.62, 0.96) | 0.02 | 0.86 (0.67, 1.11) | 0.26 |
Divorced or separated | 107 | 0.75 (0.51, 1.10) | 0.15 | 0.99 (0.66, 1.50) | 0.97 | 42 | 0.91 (.49, 1.69) | 0.76 | 1.16 (0.60, 2.25) | 0.65 |
Number of people in household | 4198 | 1.00 (0.96, 1.05) | 0.89 | 1.04 (0.99, 1.10) | 0.12 | 2353 | 1.01 (0.94, 1.07) | 0.87 | 0.99 (0.92, 1.06) | 0.70 |
Health-Related Characteristics at Baseline | ||||||||||
Number of CVD Risk Factors c,d | ||||||||||
0–1 | 285 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 204 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
2 | 1237 | 0.89 (0.68, 1.15) | 0.94 (0.71, 1.25) | 734 | 0.76 (0.55, 1.05) | 0.82 (0.58, 1.17) | ||||
3 | 1632 | 0.76 (0.59, 0.98) | 0.94 (0.71, 1.24) | 884 | 0.66 (0.48, 0.91) | 0.83 (0.58, 1.18) | ||||
4 | 824 | 0.62 (0.47, 0.81) | 0.87 (0.64, 1.18) | 429 | 0.50 (0.35, 0.71) | 0.71 (0.48, 1.04) | ||||
5–6 | 220 | 0.57 (0.40, 0.81) | <0.001 | 0.83 (0.56, 1.23) | 0.26 | 102 | 0.34 (0.21, 0.56) | <0.001 | 0.47 (0.27, 0.80) | 0.009 |
Individual CVD Risk Factors | ||||||||||
Type 2 Diabetes | ||||||||||
No | 2199 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1221 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
Yes | 1999 | 0.75 (0.66, 0.85) | <0.001 | 0.77 (0.66, 0.88) | <0.001 | 1132 | 0.71 (0.60, 0.84) | <0.001 | 0.74 (0.61, 0.90) | 0.003 |
Hypertension | ||||||||||
No | 757 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 447 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
Yes | 3441 | 0.97 (0.83, 1.13) | 0.68 | 0.89 (0.74, 1.06) | 0.20 | 1906 | 0.87 (0.71, 1.08) | 0.21 | 0.77 (0.61, 0.99) | 0.04 |
Hypercolesterolaemia | ||||||||||
No | 1169 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 748 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
Yes | 3029 | 1.14 (0.99, 1.30) | 0.06 | 1.06 (0.92, 1.24) | 0.42 | 1605 | 1.15 (0.96, 1.37) | 0.13 | 1.11 (0.91, 1.36) | 0.29 |
Family history of premature CHD | ||||||||||
No | 3237 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1871 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
Yes | 961 | 0.89 (0.77, 1.02) | 0.10 | 0.88 (0.75, 1.03) | 0.11 | 482 | 0.64 (0.53, 0.79) | <0.001 | 0.63 (0.50, 0.78) | <0.001 |
Depression | ||||||||||
No | 3481 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1975 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
Yes | 717 | 0.87 (0.74, 1.02) | 0.10 | 0.97 (0.81, 1.15) | 0.71 | 378 | 0.79 (0.64, 0.99) | 0.04 | 0.81 (0.63, 1.03) | 0.09 |
Obesity | ||||||||||
No | 2282 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1302 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
Yes | 1916 | 0.78 (0.69, 0.88) | <0.001 | 1.12 (0.95, 1.32) | 0.17 | 1051 | 0.83 (0.70, 0.97) | 0.02 | 1.14 (0.91, 1.43) | 0.24 |
SBP (per 5 mmHg) | 4198 | 1.01 (1.00, 1.03) | 0.07 | 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) | 0.70 | 2353 | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) | 0.02 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.04) | 0.31 |
DBP (per 5 mmHg) | 4198 | 1.02 (1.00, 1.05) | 0.09 | 1.02 (0.98, 1.05) | 0.38 | 2353 | 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) | 0.10 | 1.00 (0.95, 1.05) | 0.90 |
Waist circumference (per 5 cm) | 4198 | 0.90 (0.88, 0.93) | <0.001 | 0.92 (0.88, 0.95) | <0.001 | 2353 | 0.90 (0.87, 0.94) | <0.001 | 0.97 (0.92, 1.02) | 0.22 |
Physical activity (MET-min/d) c,e | ||||||||||
T1 (low) | 1332 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 703 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
T2 | 1414 | 1.28 (1.10, 1.48) | 1.13 (0.97, 1.33) | 785 | 1.46 (1.19, 1.80) | 1.29 (1.04, 1.60) | ||||
T3 (high) | 1452 | 1.70 (1.46, 1.98) | <0.001 | 1.38 (1.17, 1.63) | <0.001 | 865 | 2.12 (1.72, 2.60) | <0.001 | 1.62 (1.29, 2.04) | <0.001 |
Smoking Status | ||||||||||
Never | 2576 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1482 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
Former | 574 | 0.90 (0.75, 1.08) | 0.24 | 0.83 (0.67, 1.04) | 0.10 | 320 | 1.16 (0.90, 1.48) | 0.25 | 0.97 (0.71, 1.31) | 0.83 |
Current | 1048 | 1.17 (1.01, 1.35) | 0.04 | 1.05 (0.87, 1.26) | 0.63 | 551 | 1.17 (0.95, 1.42) | 0.13 | 1.01 (0.78, 1.30) | 0.96 |
Total energy intake (kcal/day) c, f | ||||||||||
Q1 (low) | 1017 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 568 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
Q2 | 1038 | 1.31 (1.10, 1.56) | 1.20 (1.00, 1.45) | 858 | 1.17 (0.92, 1.49) | 1.08 (0.84, 1.40) | ||||
Q3 | 1078 | 1.34 (1.13, 1.59) | 1.16 (0.96, 1.39) | 363 | 1.41 (1.11, 1.79) | 1.28 (0.99, 1.65) | ||||
Q4 (high) | 1065 | 1.50 (1.26, 1.79) | <0.001 | 1.32 (1.09, 1.58) | 0.009 | 564 | 1.36 (1.08, 1.72) | 0.007 | 1.27 (0.99, 1.64) | 0.04 |
Alcohol other than wine (g/day) | ||||||||||
< 10 men, <5 women | 2429 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1360 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
10-50 men, 5–10 women | 606 | 1.04 (0.87, 1.24) | 0.67 | 0.88 (0.72, 1.08) | 0.21 | 344 | 1.03 (0.81, 1.31) | 0.81 | 0.80 (0.61, 1.05) | 0.11 |
> 50 men, >10 women | 1163 | 1.00 (0.87, 1.15) | 0.97 | 0.93 (0.80, 1.09) | 0.39 | 649 | 1.09 (0.90, 1.32) | 0.38 | 1.03 (0.83, 1.28) | 0.77 |
14-point adherence score a | ||||||||||
< 11 | 3416 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1864 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
≥ 11 | 782 | 3.41 (2.85, 4.07) | <0.001 | 3.25 (2.71, 3.91) | <0.001 | 489 | 2.06 (1.66, 2.6) | <0.001 | 1.81 (1.44, 2.27) | <0.001 |
Study Design Features | ||||||||||
Intervention Group | ||||||||||
MedDiet + nuts | 1962 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1027 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
MedDiet + EVOO | 2236 | 0.70 (0.62, 0.79) | <0.001 | 0.70 (0.62, 0.80) | <0.001 | 1326 | 0.74 (0.62, 0.87) | <0.001 | 0.74 (0.62, 0.88) | 0.001 |
Total workload of center (person-years) e,g | ||||||||||
Q1 (low) | 1247 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 624 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
Q2 | 1133 | 1.31 (1.12, 1.54) | 1.34 (1.12, 1.59) | 361 | 0.87 (0.70, 1.08) | 0.87 (0.69, 1.10) | ||||
Q3 | 1168 | 1.90 (1.61, 2.23) | 1.75 (1.46, 2.10) | 804 | 0.67 (0.51, 0.87) | 0.74 (0.56, 0.99) | ||||
Q4 (high) | 650 | 1.32 (1.10, 1.60) | <0.001 | 1.48 (1.19, 1.79) | <0.001 | 564 | 2.56 (1.98, 3.31) | <0.001 | 2.27 (1.72, 3.00) | 0.004 |