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Table 3 Odds of high adherence with the MedDiet intervention every year throughout four years of follow-up. a

From: Predictors of short- and long-term adherence with a Mediterranean-type diet intervention: the PREDIMED randomized trial

 

OR (95 % CI) for dietary adherence (≥11 vs. <11 points)b

Demographic Characteristics

n

Crude Model

p

Multivariate

p

Sex

     

 Men

815

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 Women

1103

0.69 (0.57, 0.84)

<0.001

0.72 (0.49, 1.05)

0.09

Age at baseline (years)

     

  < 65

683

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

  ≥ 65

1235

0.94 (0.77, 1.15)

0.57

0.85 (0.65, 1.12)

0.25

Educational level

     

 University or higher

146

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 Secondary school

294

0.59 (0.39, 0.89)

0.01

0.71 (0.44, 1.14)

0.15

 Primary School

1435

0.62 (0.44, 0.89)

0.006

0.78 (0.52, 1.18)

0.24

 Less than primary school

43

0.23 (0.09, 0.57)

0.002

0.53 (0.19, 1.48)

0.23

Occupation

     

 Retired

1017

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 Working

197

0.79 (0.56, 1.10)

0.16

0.72 (0.47, 1.11)

0.14

 Housewife

662

0.85 (0.68, 1.05)

0.12

1.00 (0.72, 1.38)

0.98

 Unemployed/unable to work

42

0.48 (0.22, 1.04)

0.06

0.72 (0.30, 1.71)

0.46

Marital Status

     

 Married

1484

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 Single

76

1.04 (0.64, 1.71)

0.86

0.85 (0.47, 1.51)

0.58

 Widowed

324

0.78 (0.60, 1.02)

0.07

0.89 (0.64, 1.24)

0.50

 Divorced or separated

34

0.66 (0.29, 1.46)

0.30

1.35 (0.54, 3.40)

0.52

Number of people in household

1918

1.05 (0.96, 1.14)

0.31

1.02 (0.91, 1.14)

0.76

Health-Related Characteristics at Baseline

     

Number of CVD Risk Factors c,d

     

 0–1

171

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 2

595

0.95 (0.67, 1.35)

 

1.13 (0.75, 1.68)

 

 3

714

0.62 (0.44, 1.87)

 

0.91 (0.60, 1.37)

 

 4

352

0.45 (0.30, 0.66)

 

0.78 (0.48, 1.25)

 

 5–6

86

0.18 (0.08, 0.38)

<0.001

0.27 (0.12, 0.63)

0.003

Type 2 Diabetes

     

 No

993

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 Yes

925

0.63 (0.52, 0.77)

<0.001

0.73 (0.56, 0.93)

0.01

Hypertension

     

 No

367

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 Yes

1551

0.89 (0.70, 1.14)

0.36

0.75 (0.56, 1.02)

0.07

Hypercolesterolaemia

     

 No

604

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 Yes

1314

1.04 (0.84, 1.28)

0.75

1.12 (0.87, 1.44)

0.39

Family history of premature CHD

     

 No

1537

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 Yes

381

0.74 (0.57, 0.95)

0.02

0.72 (0.54, 0.97)

0.03

Depression

     

 No

1607

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 Yes

311

0.72 (0.55, 0.95)

0.02

0.69 (0.50, 0.95)

0.02

Obesity

     

 No

1054

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 Yes

864

0.57 (0.47, 0.70)

<0.001

0.84 (0.63, 1.12)

0.23

SBP (per 5 mmHg)

1918

1.03 (1.01, 1.06)

0.004

1.02 (0.98, 1.05)

0.34

DBP (per 5 mmHg)

1918

1.04 (1.00, 1.09)

0.04

1.00 (0.94, 1.07)

0.94

Waist circumference (per 5 cm)

1918

0.82 (0.78, 0.87)

<0.001

0.93 (0.88, 1.00)

0.04

Physical activity (MET-min/d) c,e

     

 T1 (low)

552

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 T2

642

1.62 (1.24, 2.12)

 

1.27 (0.94, 1.71)

 

 T3 (high)

724

2.63 (2.04, 3.40)

<0.001

1.60 (0.18, 2.17)

0.002

Smoking Status

     

 Never

1209

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 Former

251

1.04 (0.78, 1.41)

0.75

0.75 (0.51, 1.11)

0.15

 Current

458

1.08 (0.86, 1.36)

0.51

0.82 (0.59, 1.14)

0.25

Total energy intake (kcal/day) c,f

     

 Q1 (low)

405

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 Q2

443

1.11 (0.82, 1.50)

 

1.00 (0.71, 1.40)

 

 Q3

499

1.37 (1.03, 1.82)

 

1.19 (0.84, 1.65)

 

 Q4 (high)

571

1.15 (0.87, 1.53)

0.29

1.12 (0.80, 1.56)

0.39

Alcohol other than wine (g/day)

     

  < 10 men, <5 women

1125

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 10-50 men, 5–10 women

270

1.25 (0.95, 1.65)

0.12

0.87 (0.61, 1.23)

0.43

  > 50 men, >10 women

523

0.95 (0.75, 1.19)

0.63

0.95 (0.72, 1.25)

0.69

14-point adherence score a

     

  < 11

1528

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

  ≥ 11

390

2.95 (2.34, 3.71)

<0.001

2.63 (2.02, 3.42)

<0.001

Study Design Features

     

Intervention Group

     

 MedDiet + Nuts

809

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 MedDiet + EVOO

1109

0.68 (0.56, 0.82)

<0.001

0.66 (0.53, 0.83)

<0.001

Total workload of center (person-years) e,g

     

 Q1 (low)

267

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 Q2

809

0.54 (0.39, 0.74)

 

0.56 (0.40, 0.80)

 

 Q3

311

0.45 (0.30, 0.67)

 

0.52 (0.34, 0.80)

 

 Q4 (high)

531

3.50 (2.55, 4.79)

<0.001

3.17 (2.22, 4.52)

<0.001

  1. a ORs < 1 imply poorer adherence. ORs > 1 imply better adherence. A validated MedDiet adherence assessment tool was used. 1 point was added for each item in adherence with the traditional MedDiet. High adherence = adherence with ≥11 items on 14-point dietary adherence score. Low adherence = adherence with <11 items. b All models are from logistic regression analysis. Multivariate models are mutually adjusted for all characteristics displayed in this table including total CVD risk score but excluding individual CVD risk factors (type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, family history of pre-mature CHD, depression, obesity). When an individual CVD risk factors was the exposure of interest, the model was mutually adjusted for other individual CVD risk factors but not total CVD risk score. c P-values for trend were calculated by assigning the median value to each category and treating the resulting variable as continuous. d Risk score calculated by summing the following CVD risk factors: type 2 diabetes, hypertension, high blood cholesterol, family history of premature CHD, depression, obesity. e Tertiles of physical activity (MET-min/d): T1: <108; T2: 108–268; T3: ≥268. f Quartiles of energy intake (kcal/d), by sex: Men: Q1: <2051; Q2: 2051- < 2394; Q3:2934- < 2801; Q4: ≥2801. Women: Q1: <1786; Q2: 1786- < 2109; Q3: 2109- < 2465; Q4: ≥2465. g Measured in quartiles of person years at center. After 4 years: Q1: 893- < 1220; Q2: 1220- < 2175; Q3: 2175- < 2384; Q4: ≥2384