The role of social support on physical activity behaviour in adolescent girls: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 5 Associations from meta-analysis of providers of sub-domains of support with physical activity outcomes

	Reference numbers of included studies	Effect size statistics					Heterogeneity statistics				Publication bias
	Reference numbers of included studies	k	r	SE	S²	95 % CI	Z	Q	τ²	I ²	Fail safe N
Encouragement
Parents	[45, 82, 113–117]	7	0.103	0.006	0.000	0.032, 0.173	2.841*	31.29***	0.007	80.824	108
Mother	[70, 115, 118–120]	5	0.194	0.015	0.000	0.111, 0.275	4.512***	8.222	0.004	51.349	53
Father	[70, 115, 120]	3	0.211	0.003	0.000	0.153, 0.266	7.075***	1.126	0.000	0.000	36
Instrumental support
Parents	[45, 105, 115, 121, 122]^a	6	0.169	0.002	0.000	0.131, 0.206	8.648***	5.545	0.000	9.822	107
Mother	[119, 123–125]	4	0.214	0.022	0.000	0.060, 0.359	2.703*	13.26*	0.019	77.37	26
Father	[119, 124, 125]	3	0.234	0.050	0.002	−0.011, 0.452	1.875	12.827^*	0.040	84.41	13
Modelling
Parents	[45, 52, 74, 82, 86, 87, 92, 96, 105, 113, 116, 117, 126, 127]	14	0.130	0.011	0.000	0.049, 0.209	3.154*	105.788***	0.019	87.711	214
Mother	[49, 53, 70, 78, 89, 105, 115, 124, 125, 128, 129]	11	0.079	0.012	0.000	−0.004, 0.160	1.874	104.625***	0.014	90.442	101
Father	[70, 78, 89, 105, 115, 124, 125, 128, 129]	9	0.144	0.011	0.000	0.054, 0.232	3.128*	54.458***	0.014	85.310	131
Friends	[51, 52, 78, 89, 104, 110, 114, 126, 127, 130]	10	0.161	0.013	0.000	0.074, 0.245	3.615***	191.764***	0.017	95.307	505
Co-participation
Parents	[45, 105, 122, 126]	4	0.033	0.017	0.000	−0.102, 0.168	0.483	34.00	0.017	91.18	0

*P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001
k = number of studies; r = effect size; SE = standard error; S² = variance; 95 % CI = 95 % confidence interval; Z = test of null hypothesis; Q = total Q-value used to assess heterogeneity; τ² = between study variance; I ² = the percentage of total variance across studies not attributed to sampling error; Fail safe N = the number of additional studies (in which the effect was zero) that would be needed to increase the meta-analysis P value to above 0.5. ^a = More than one effect size included in the meta-analysis for study: [122]

ISSN: 1479-5868