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Table 3 Baseline characteristics in women n = 18,601, NutriNet-Santé cohort, France

From: Associations between liking for fat, sweet or salt and obesity risk in French adults: a prospective cohort study

 

Quartiles of liking for fat

 

Quartiles of liking for sweet

 

Quartiles of liking for salt

 

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

P *

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

P

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

P

General characteristics

Age, y

53.9 ± 11.7 a

48.6 ± 13.2

44.1 ± 13.4

40.9 ± 13.0

<0.0001

51.3 ± 12.4

48.5 ± 13.0

45.6 ± 13.6

42.1 ± 14.0

<0.0001

45.4 ± 14.0

47.5 ± 13.7

47.6 ± 13.4

47.0 ± 13.6

<0.0001

BMI, kg/m2

22.2 ± 2.9

22.5 ± 2.9

22.5 ± 2.8

22.5 ± 2.9

<0.0001

22.4 ± 2.9

22.5 ± 2.8

22.6 ± 2.8

22.2 ± 2.8

<0.0001

22.2 ± 2.9

22.4 ± 2.9

22.5 ± 2.8

22.6 ± 2.9

<0.0001

Educational level, %

    

<0.0001

    

0.0003

    

0.66

 Elementary school

3.1

2.5

2.2

2.0

 

3.1

2.5

2.2

2.0

 

2.7

2.7

2.3

2.3

 

 Secondary school

37.3

31.4

29.5

32.9

 

33.5

32.8

31.5

33.2

 

33.1

33.1

32.2

32.7

 

 College graduate

30.3

32.4

33.5

33.4

 

31.9

31.4

32.1

34.1

 

31.1

32.6

32.8

33.0

 

 Advanced degree

28.6

33.0

34.2

31.2

 

30.8

32.4

33.6

30.2

 

32.4

31.0

32.1

31.4

 

 Other

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.5

 

0.7

0.9

0.6

0.5

 

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.6

 

Alcohol consumptionb, %

    

0.002

    

<0.0001

    

<0.0001

 Abstainer and irregular consumer

54.7

51.5

51.4

54.6

 

51.7

50.8

51.9

57.7

 

61.1

55.0

49.4

46.6

 

 Moderate drinker

38.6

41.0

40.8

38.0

 

40.3

41.7

40.6

36.0

 

34.1

38.5

43.5

42.5

 

 Heavy drinker

6.7

7.5

7.8

7.4

 

8.0

7.5

7.5

6.3

 

4.8

6.5

7.0

10.9

 

Smoking status, %

    

<0.0001

    

<0.0001

    

<0.0001

 Never-smoker

51.3

52.5

53.1

52.8

 

47.8

51.2

53.3

57.3

 

56.0

54.1

52.6

47.0

 

 Former smoker

38.0

34.5

31.6

28.6

 

38.4

35.1

31.7

27.6

 

31.6

33.2

33.3

34.6

 

 Current smoker

10.7

13.0

15.3

18.6

 

13.8

13.7

15.0

15.1

 

12.4

12.7

14.1

18.4

 

Dieting to lose weight, %

    

0.0003

    

<0.0001

    

<0.0001

 Never dieter

17.9

16.9

16.3

16.7

 

16.2

15.7

16.7

19.1

 

19.2

17.5

15.8

15.1

 

 Former dieter

70.6

72.3

71.9

69.6

 

70.4

72.6

71.6

69.8

 

69.0

71.2

73.1

71.1

 

 Current dieter

11.5

10.8

11.8

13.7

 

13.4

11.7

11.7

11.1

 

11.8

11.3

11.1

13.8

 

Physical activity, %

    

<0.0001

    

<0.0001

    

<0.0001

 Low

15.6

22.6

26.0

31.4

 

19.8

21.8

24.5

29.6

 

21.5

21.8

24.8

27.5

 

 Moderate

41.8

44.8

47.0

44.0

 

42.9

44.4

45.8

44.4

 

43.5

45.7

44.8

43.5

 

 High

42.6

32.6

27.0

24.6

 

37.3

33.8

29.7

26.0

 

35.0

32.5

30.4

29.0

 

 Energy, kcal/day

1696.8 ± 397.4

1765.5 ± 397.3

1816.2 ± 414.7

1877.4 ± 448.8

<0.0001

1697.3 ± 397.3

1764.0 ± 409.5

1826.7 ± 417.6

1868.0 ± 436.2

<0.0001

1733.8 ± 412.3

1772.6 ± 411.3

1805.2 ± 411.5

1844.8 ± 437.6

<0.0001

Food group consumption, g/day

Fruits

312.4 ± 191.1

276.3 ± 173.1

255.1 ± 167.0

226.0 ± 165.8

<0.0001

287.7 ± 191.2

272.6 ± 172.6

264.4 ± 173.1

245.1 ± 169.1

<0.0001

273.8 ± 185.7

270.8 ± 173.1

268.9 ± 174.6

256.3 ± 175.0

<0.0001

Meat

36.5 ± 38.7

40.1 ± 40.9

42.2 ± 40.5

44.5 ± 42.3

<0.0001

39.9 ± 41.3

39.6 ± 39.2

41.3 ± 41.0

42.5 ± 41.3

0.002

37.7 ± 39.9

40.1 ± 39.5

41.4 ± 40.1

44.0 ± 42.9

<0.0001

Processed meat

23.1 ± 26.8

27.8 ± 28.9

30.8 ± 30.8

33.2 ± 32.5

<0.0001

26.6 ± 29.4

28.1 ± 29.2

29.8 ± 30.8

30.6 ± 30.6

<0.0001

26.6 ± 29.6

27.5 ± 29.3

29.1 ± 28.9

31.8 ± 32.0

<0.0001

Milk and yogurts

165.7 ± 157.3

167.3 ± 151.3

168.6 ± 152.4

173.3 ± 159.2

0.10

168.8 ± 157.4

164.5 ± 149.7

166.1 ± 149.2

175.5 ± 163.4

0.004

175.1 ± 161.3

170.5 ± 155.3

167.3 ± 149.8

162.0 ± 153.3

0.0005

Cheese

31.1 ± 26.7

34.0 ± 27.7

35.6 ± 28.1

36.3 ± 29.1

<0.0001

32.7 ± 28.4

34.3 ± 27.5

34.9 ± 27.8

35.0 ± 28.1

0.0002

32.9 ± 27.6

34.3 ± 28.3

34.1 ± 27.1

35.6 ± 28.9

<0.0001

Oil

9.6 ± 10.0

9.0 ± 9.4

8.7 ± 8.8

8.7 ± 8.6

<0.0001

9.1 ± 9.4

9.1 ± 9.6

9.0 ± 9.0

8.8 ± 8.8

0.30

8.3 ± 9.2

8.8 ± 8.8

9.3 ± 9.3

9.5 ± 9.6

<0.0001

Whole grain products

45.3 ± 55.1

34.9 ± 45.3

30.5 ± 42.1

26.2 ± 40.7

<0.0001

40.8 ± 50.9

36.8 ± 48.4

32.0 ± 43.6

27.4 ± 42.3

<0.0001

38.9 ± 51.9

35.8 ± 48.3

33.0 ± 43.9

29.2 ± 41.4

<0.0001

Sugar and sugary products

22.4 ± 24.7

22.4 ± 23.2

21.8 ± 23.2

20.7 ± 23.0

0.001

15.6 ± 20.2

21.3 ± 23.2

23.5 ± 22.9

27.0 ± 26.1

<0.0001

20.1 ± 24.0

21.9 ± 22.4

23.1 ± 23.5

22.4 ± 24.1

<0.0001

Fatty-sweet products

48.9 ± 52.9

63.1 ± 56.2

73.3 ± 60.1

84.8 ± 68.2

<0.0001

53.3 ± 56.1

63.1 ± 58.1

72.18 ± 60.6

81.6 ± 65.4

<0.0001

66.9 ± 63.7

66.9 ± 60.6

66.1 ± 57.6

70.2 ± 62.1

0.006

Sugar-sweetened soft drinks

19.3 ± 56.4

28.2 ± 69.4

40.9 ± 95.2

54.6 ± 113.4

<0.0001

21.2 ± 66.8

26.1 ± 69.5

38.6 ± 88.1

57.0 ± 113.1

<0.0001

34.3 ± 84.0

33.4 ± 81.1

34.2 ± 81.4

40.9 ± 101.5

<0.0001

Artificially sweetened drinks

32.1 ± 136.8

36.0 ± 130.1

41.7 ± 134.3

47.0 ± 144.3

<0.0001

39.2 ± 154.3

36.6 ± 124.1

39.3 ± 133.7

41.6 ± 132.4

0.38

37.0 ± 135.3

37.8 ± 136.9

36.6 ± 131.0

45.8 ± 142.8

0.002

  1. * P values are for the comparison between sex-specific quartiles of liking for fat, sweet and salt and were determined by using analysis of covariance or chi-square tests as appropriate
  2. a Mean ± SD (all such values)
  3. b Female drinkers were categorized as abstainer and irregular consumer (≤3 g alcohol/day), moderate consumer (>3 to ≤20 g alcohol/day), or heavy drinker (>20 g alcohol/day)