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Table 1 Characteristics of the full Gemini sample at baseline compared to the study sample

From: Maternal feeding practices and fussy eating in toddlerhood: a discordant twin analysis

Child characteristics

Gemini sample at baseline (n = 4804 children)

Study sample (n = 2026 children)

Mean (SD)

or n (%)

Mean (SD)

or n (%)

Gender (female)

2386 (49.7)

1058 (52.2)

Birth weight (kg)

2.5 (.54)

2.4 (.55)*

Birth weight SDS

−.56 (.95)

−.57 (.94)

Weight at 16 months (kg)

10.3 (1.25)

Weight SDS at 16 months

−.08 (1.08)

Gestational age (weeks)

36.2 (2.48)

36.1 (2.60)

Age questionnaire completion

15.8 (.90)

Early feeding method

 Mostly breastfed

 Mostly bottle-fed

2017 (42.0)

2755 (57.3)

946 (46.7)*

1080 (53.7)

Maternal characteristics

Age at twins’ birth (years)

33.0 (5.19)

33.6 (5.00)*

BMI (kg/m2)

25.1 (4.70)

24.9 (4.49)*

Highest Level of Education Attained

 Low (No qualification/basic high-school)

 Intermediate (Vocational/Adv. high-school)

 High (University)

518 (21.6)

878 (36.6)

1006 (41.9)

171 (16.9)

351 (34.6)

491 (48.5)*

Ethnicity

 White British

 Non-White British/Unknown

2089 (87.0)

313 (13.0)

896 (88.5)

117 (11.5)

Feeding practices and Food Fussiness, mean (SD)

Food Fussinessa

2.18 (.71)

Instrumental Feedingb

1.33 (.46)

Pressure to Eatc

2.22 (.74)

Restrictiond

5.21 (1.26)

  1. Abbreviations: Weight SDS: Weight Standard Deviation Score, kg: kilograms, BMI: Body Mass Index
  2. *p < .01; **p < .001
  3. Subscales are from the aCEBQ [25]; bPFSQ [23]; cCFQ [12]; and dPoppets scale [24]